Why is his hair painted gold?
God is light. Onion shaped domes of Russian churches are very often gilded as Gold symbolizes light. Gold hair is a symbol of immorality and reminds us about his holy nature.
It is said that originally hair was painted with golden and silver paints but silver didn't last long. that’s why we do not see silver paints.
4)As a rule the Background had a beautiful blue colour. It imitated enamels. But Paints faded with the time.
2) now let me show you one more icon –идем против часовой !!!
Please turn to the right- Святой Николай чуд – 13th cen- если она висит между окон, то есть стоим в одном углу с ней !!!. (Если надо к ней идти - тот показываем virgin of tenderness )
In Russia He was a patron of poor folks. He is often depicted as an old kind –hearted man, who helps people in their everyday life.
Its considered to be a Wonder making icon !
The icon comes from Novgorod and represents a half-lengh rendering (толкование) of the saint in the act of benediction (благословение).
He is holding a book decorated with - буби ( spades ) и черви ( hearts ) - symbols of Christ passions
You can see more different saints here, because it is believed that the more holy martyrs are depicted, the stronger icon is.
Use your imagination colours were brighter.
3) let me show you another icon "Умиление " –The mother of Godof tenderness -13th cen
We call it the virgin according to the European tradition. But if you translate the name of this icon from RUSSIAN into English it is not the virgin but god`s Mother.
There is the cult of god`s mother . In any Russian church you can see
on one side of the holy door -the icon of Jesus Christ
And On the other side - the icon of God`s mother
Her image is so popular that there are even a few (4) dif types of how god`s mother was depicted
(туристам не надо говорить -4 типа изображения Богоматери :
1. умиление - шека к щеке и Христос в длинной детской рубашке
2. Адигитрия- leading the way - Христос на руке её сидит как на троне и в царских одеждах
3. Богоматерь Знамения - the virgin of the sign - half size
4. Оранта- 2 руки- в полный рост)
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and here you can see one of them.- “God`s mother of tenderness ( умиления)”
Christ and his mother are depicted cheek to cheek. The virgin`s head is inclined to the child`s in a gesture of deep affection and Christ is depicted with his arms round her neck , gazing up at her.
He is dressed in baby`s dress. Also noticethat the contours of Jesus Christ's figure are inside of the contours of her figure. She tries to protect him. Hence the name of this type- Tenderness.
You see 2 saints in the upper corner and more saints in the lower part. The more =the stronger icon is. Biblical phophets and martyrs.
Of course colours were much brighter. Originally Background was blue, imitating Byzantine enamels.
((Если не сказали раньше б говорим здесь- 3 masters worked over the icon.
1 – background
2-Одежку
3- лица, руки ноги (если background –gold, also was painted at the last stage because gold paints were brought from abroad))
You can see traditional colours of her dress : blue - heaven and red- christ`s blood ( like in west European icons)
Why Jesus Christ looks so ugly ? And his proportions are so strange?. I will explain you now.
of course you remember Da vinci`s and Rafael`s Madonna , but this one is quite different. The thing is that it is not a painting. It's a window to the other world!!!. And in the other world there is no time. It`s an image of Christ and image of God`s mother. So Christ is a baby and an adult here at the same time, so he has got proportions of an adult, it`s some sort of exaggeration.
4). Another icon which is newer and we move in Time.-Boris and Gleb - Moscow -14 th cen
Boris and gleb – sons of the Kievan Prince Vladimir (Русь крестил) –were killed by their brother Svyatopolk in 1015 who wanted to success the throne. In 1037 - they were canonized and they became popular warrior-saints.
They are depicted attired in ceremonial princely clothes.
Boris is on the left. His cloak is decorated with ermine fur.
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Gleb, who is younger, is on the right. His cloak is decorated with squirrel fur.
As for their hats they are trimmed with sable.
They are holding in the left hand a sword (symbol of princely power, they were warriors) and a cross (symbol of martyrdom) in the right.
The back ground is just golden (or could be blue), because the idea is that it's not a real life, that is the other world.
You see time goes but nothing has changed. The most important rule of icon painting is not to change any rules. But there is something new here!!!! –
1)in the 14 the cen they depicted local!!!!!saints.
2)And please look at their faces.
Eyes are not so big, nose is normal. There faces are Slavic faces ( not Greek) with High cheek bones .
Its restoration works lasted 15 years.
Now let me say about restoration works.
They took an icon, placed it on a table, put some spirits and oil onto the surface, burnt it, stopped the fire, as a result paints got very soft, removed them with a special knife. Nowadays we use chemicals to remove lairs of paints or drying oil.
You will be surprised but before the 19 th cen nobody even tried to restore Russian icons.
So what did they do? - The icons were covered with drying oil (олифа) to protect them. But the oil got dark with the time.
They noticed that icon was not colorful enough and it had to be renewed. They took the very same paints and put onto the icon and after put one more layer of drying oil over it for protection. And time passed and they repeated the renewing process again.
In the 2nd half of the 19th century they wanted to know what had been painted many centuries ago. But in order to see that they had to remove the upper layers. But how? That was a good question. They used quite a barbaric method.
They took an icon and put it on a table. Then they poured oil onto the icon. They poured spirits (спирт) on it and then they burnt it . So upper layers of paints became soft. Then the fire was put out (потушен). And they used a knife to scratch it away.
Nowadays the method is not so barbaric, special chemicals are used to remove upper layers.
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But there is another problem-the paint peeled off the icon with the time. In the 19th cen they tried to paint it again. As for now they just leave it the way it is and restore lost pieces with water colors. To prevent the paints from peeling off they give special injections with a kind of glue.
The R m has got its own restoration workshops.
Еслипопадётсяиконавокладе - setting (mounting) –“Deisis” (Деисус) 1 ½ of 14th cen Pskov –you can see metal settings. There are no precious stones. But it is decorated by small pieces of glass, because even glass was very expensive at that time.
Settings -appeared at the end 15 - beg of 16 th cen
More and more icons were kept under settings.
There were 2 purposes of it:
1) if an icon was under setting there was no need to paint all the details. As a rule it was possible to see only the most important details of an icon-face, hand and feet and the rest is under setting.
2) the second purpose was Charity. Different people could give presents –gems and precious stones to the church which were used in settings. Sometimes expensive settings were presented.
Если спросят про икону «ИоаннПредтеча» (иоанн креститель)14th cen из деиссусного ряда (ряд над святыми вратами)- John the Baptist –Byzantine influence: 1) looks inside himself -смотрит внутрь себя , 2)dark face-темное лицо и 3) very handsome face -потрясающе красивое лицо.
He is always depicted in the animal skin- because he lived in the desert
След комната –let me show you one more icon-“ St Nicolas the miracle worker with life” (Святой Николай Чудотворец, с житием).
That's another type of icons. We are to look at these small pictures like we read a book-from the left to the right. Small pictures tell us about his life. (житийные иконы ). He was the wonderworker because miracles happened to him from the beg. of his life.
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Please look at the very upper left (Первая картина в левом верхнем углу - с нее начинаем) - that`s the 1st miracle that happened to him. According to the rules of Orthodox Church all the babies were to be baptized. He was not an exception. The baby stood up and he spent 3 hours standing in honor of the Holy Trinity.
His right hand is in the act of benediction. (сначала крестились 2 перстами, потом 3мя стали)
4 saints are depicted because the more the better.
Opposite (может висеть или нет) - "Saint George and the dragon with life " Чудо святого Георгия о змие с житием) which dates from 13-14th cen
St George lived in the 3d cen A.D. He was a Roman warrior and ardent Christian who suffered martyrdom. He was particularly popular in Russia as he was firm, fair and brave. He is even represented in the coat-of-arm of Russia.
We know that once Saint G rescued the princess from death by slaying a dreadful man-eating monster who had visited their coutry and had eaten all beautiful girls.
This is the episode depicted in the icon.-First, he tamed the dragon and saved the princess. Then she tied her belt round the monsters neck and brought him to the town where St George killed him.
Above each character the names are written-central picture.-even the dragon
Please notice the background is red. Red colours are predominant that's the feature of Novgorodian school.( abundance of red) ( Псковская -более мрачная) red is not just a colour. it also means beautiful.
Look around - a lot of icons with red colours
With the time a lot of schools of icon painting appeared, they had different color schemes. For ex, The school of Pskov used shadows of brown and green colors while bright patches on costumes were often rendered in gold)
"Архангел Гавриил"- слева позади в углу-все мрачное и темное-Псковская школа
3 зал - Андрей Рублёв - We do not know the name of icon painters before Rublev because it was believed that the icons were painted by God with the help of painter's hand.
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