Nouns in set expressions used without an article.
1) out of doors—на дворе, на The children spent most of the time out of doors.
улице, вне дома
2) to take to heart — принимать близко к сердцу. Don’t take things too much to heart.
3) to take offence — обижаться. If he had heard your remark he would have taken offence.
4) to give (to get, to ask) permission —
дать (получить, I asked permission to keep
просить) разрешение. the book a little longer.
5) to lose heart — терять мужество, He found the subject very
приходить в уныние. difficult at first, but he didn’t lose heart.
6) at present —в настоящее время. You may go home, we don’t want you at present.
7) from morning till night — с утра до вечера. He worked in his little garden from morning till night.
8) from head to foot — с головы. She was dressed in furs from
до ног. head to foot.
9) from beginning to end — с начала до конца. The whole story is a lie from beginning to end.
10) at first sight — с первого взгляда. He fell in love with her at first sight.
11) by chance—случайно. They met quite by chance.
12) by mistake—по ошибке. I have bought the wrong book by mistake.
13) for hours—часами. He could read for hours.
14) for ages—-целую вечнос I haven’t seen you for ages.
15) by land, by air, by sea — сушей, I like travelling by sea.
по воздуху, морем .
16) to go to sea—стать моряком. My sister wants to be a doctor, and my brother wants to go to sea.
17) on deck—на палубе. We spent hours on deck.
18) to keep house—вести хозяйство.A housemaid keeps house for her.
19) at sunrise - на рас We left the town at sunrise.
20) at sunset — на закате. We arrived at the village at sunset.
21) at work—за работой. Whenever I come, he is always at work.
22) at peace—в мире. We want to be in peace with all countries.
23) by name—по имени. His cat, Snowball by name, was playing on the carpet.
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24) in debt — в долгу. Mr. Smith was always in debt.
USE OF ARTICLES IN SOME SYNTACTIC RELATIONS
The use of articles with predicative nouns.
As stated above (see § 2) a predicative noun is used with the indefinite article if the speaker states that the object denoted by the noun belong to a certain class.
If a predicative noun is modified by a particularizing attribute, the definite article is used.
Heisthe student you wanted to speak to.
If a predicative noun denotes a post, which can be occupied by one person at a time, either no article or the definite article is used.
Mr. Henderson is manager, not under-manager any longer. (Lindsay)
Montanelli was director of the theological seminary at Pisa. (Voynich)
Comrade N. is the dean of our faculty.
No article is used with predicative nouns after the verbs to turn, to commence, to appoint, to elect.
Compeyson turned traitor.
Компейсон стал предателем.
Shakespeare commenced actor.
Шекспир начинал как актер.
They appointed him head-teacher.
Его назначили старшим преподавателем.
A predicative noun sometimes has an adjectival character, especially when it is followed by the adverb enough. In this case no article is used.
Surely Bolla isn't fool enough to believe that sort of stuff? (Voynich)
Неужели Болла настолько глуп, чтобы поверить подобному вздору?
When a predicative noun in an adverbial clause of concession is placed at the head of the clause, no article is used.
Child as he was, David understood that Creakle was an ignorant man.
Хотя Давид был ребенком, он понимал, что Крикль—невежественный человек.
The nouns son and daughter used predicative1y take the definite article when modified by an of-phrase, though there may be several sons and daughters in the family.
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Lomonosov was the son of a fisherman.
Becky Sharp was the daughter of an artist.
§ 22. The use of articles with nouns in apposition.
Nouns in apposition and nouns forming part of an apposition are used with the indefinite article if the speaker states that the object expressed by the noun in apposition belong to a certain class.
I want to introduce you to Comrade B., a great friend of mine.
In the plural no article is used.
I want to introduce you to Comrades B. and D., great friends of mine.
Nouns in apposition or nouns forming part of an apposition are used with the definite article if they are modified by a particularizing attribute.
Comrade B., the student you have mentioned, has come.
If the noun denotes a well-known person or work of art, the definite article is generally used.
Pushkin,the great Russian poet, died in 1837.
Hamlet,the immortal tragedy by Shakespeare, was written in the first years of the 17th century.
But if the person or the work of art is not widely known the indefinite article is used.
Pericles, a comedy by Shakespeare, is hardly ever staged.
No article is generally used with a noun in apposition when the apposition expresses a post, which can be occupied by one person at a time. Occasionally the definite article is used.
Professor Petrov, director (the director) of the Medical Institute, is going to deliver a lecture.
Comrade Smirnov, dean(the dean) of the English department, has left for Moscow.
§ 23. Class nouns used in address take no article.
Come downstairs, child. (Voynich)
§ 24. Place of the article.
The usual place of the article is before the noun if it is not modified by an attribute; if the noun is modified by an attribute, the article is placed before the latter. However, there are cases when the article follows the attribute.
1. The definite article follows the attribute expressed by the pronouns both, all.
Boththe stories were interesting.
Allthe stories were interesting.
2. The indefinite article follows the attribute expressed by an adjective after so, too, as.
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Mr. Pickwick could not resist so tempting an opportunity of studying human nature. (Dickens)
You compel me to tell yon that this is too serious a matter to be treated in such a fashion. (Dreiser) It was as black a house inside as outside. (Dickens)
3. The indefinite article follows quite, such, what (what in exclamatory sentences).
She is quite a child.
I've never heard of such a thing.
What a wonderful piece of luck!
The indefinite article either precedes or follows rather.
This enquiry involved the respected lady in rather a delicate position. (Dickens)
They stop and interchange a rather heated look. (Dickens)
§25. Ways of expressing the meaning of the English articles in Russian.
The meaning of the English article may sometimes be expressed in Russian by means of:
(a) Cases.
Pour the water into the glass. Налейте воду в стакан.
Pour some water into the glass. Налейте воды в стакан.
(b) Word order.
A woman came up to me and asked what time it was.
Ко мне подошла женщина и спросила, который час.
The woman has come.
Женщина пришла.
(с) The words один, какой-то, какой-нибудь (the indefinite article), этот, тот самый (the definite article).
A man is waiting for you downstairs.
Вас внизу ждет какой-то человек.
Do you know Nina? Yes, I do. I like the girl immensely.
Вы знаете Нину? Знаю. Мне очень нравится эта девушка.
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