Упр. 359. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на причастия
Причастие (the Participle)
Причастие относится к неличным формам глагола и обладает признаками как прилагательного (иногда наречия), так и глагола. Глагольными признаками причастия являются его способность иметь прямое дополнение, определяться наречием и иметь формы времени и залога. Но время, выраженное причастием носит относительный характер, т. е. соотносится с действием глагола-сказуемого предложения и выражает либо одновременность, либо предшествование этому действию.
Причастия в английском языке подразделяются на причастие I (Participle I) и причастие II (Participle II).
| ФОРМЫ ПРИЧАСТИЯ | |||
| ЗАЛОГ (VOICE) | PARTICIPLE I | PARTICIPLE I PERFECT | PARTICIPLE II |
| ACTIVE | asking | having asked | asked |
| PASSIVE | being asked | having been asked | |
| ПРИЧАСТИЕ I (PARTICIPLE I) |
Причастие I образуется путем прибавления суффикса -ing к основе глагола: working работающий, работая.
| ОРФОГРАФИЧЕСКИЕ ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ ПРИ ПРИБАВЛЕНИИ —ING | ||
| № п/п | ПРАВИЛО | ПРИМЕР |
| 1 | Конечная нечитаемая буква -e отбрасывается | to take брать - taking |
| 2 | Однако читаемая конечная -е не отбрасывается | to see видеть - seeing to be быть - being |
| 3 | Сочетание букв -ie стягивается в букву y | to lie лежать - lying |
| 4 | Конечная -y при прибавлении -ing всегда сохраняется | to copy копировать - copying |
| 5 | Если последний слог краткий и стоит под ударением, а слово оканчивается на одну согласную, то эта согласная перед -ing удваивается | to sit сидеть - sitting to commit совершать - committing |
| 6 | Если же последний слог не ударный, то удвоения конечной согласной не происходит | to differ различаться - differing to limit ограничивать - limiting |
1. What is the name of the man speaking on the phone now? — Как зовут мужчину разговаривающего по телефону, сейчас?
speaking — Participle I, Indefenite Active, функция определения.
2. Having arrived two days before the opening of the conference they had enough time to go sightseeing. — Прибыв на два дня раньше открытия конференции у них было достаточно времени осмотреть достопримечательности.
Having arrived — Participle I, Perfect Active, функция обстоятельства образа действия.
3. Being an experienced doctor, he saw immediately that the patient must go to the hospital. — Так как он был опытным доктором, он сразу увидел, что пациент должен пойти в больницу.
experienced — Participle II, Indefenite Active, функция определения.
4. I felt very tired, having worked the whole day in the sun. — Я чувствовал себя очень усталым проработав целый день под солнцем.
having worked — Participle I, Perfect Active, функция обстоятельства причины.
2. Жареная рыба — Fried fish
Закрытая дверь — Closed door
Книга, написанная Пушкиным — The book, written by Pushkin.
Вещи, положенные в коробку — Things, put in the box.
Разбитое стекло — The broken glass.
3.Упражнение 2.Определите, является ли предложение правильным (Correct) или неправильным (Wrong).
Начало формы
- The man walked slowly as if hiding from somebody.
- Be careful when cross the street.
- While walking our dog we found a wallet full of money.
- Don't looking her best she tried to charm several men.
- When come home I ran into my old school friend.
- Every morning he drinks coffee reading a fresh newspaper.
- I like to fall asleep listening to classical music.
- My brother watching TV when doing his home work.
- Playing the guitar well he joined a rock band.
- When looking through my family photos I often feel happy.
1. On coming home she found the floor washed and all the things cleaned and dusted. (coming - герундий; washed, cleand, dusted - причастия пр. вр.)
Придя домой, она обнаружила, что полы вымыты и все вещи почищены и с них вытерта пыль.
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2. They wached with great interest young sportsmen doing their exercises in the centre of th stadium. (young sportsmen doing - объектный падеж с причастием наст. вр.)
Они наблюдали с большим интересом, как молодые спортсмены делали упражнения в центре стадиона.(длительное действие)
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3. The conference held in Novosibirsk was on the problems of economic development of the Far East. (held - причастие пр. вр.)
Конференция, проведённая в Новосибирске, была по поводу экономических проблем и по поводу развития Дальнего Востока.
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4. Where did you have your hair done? (your hair done - объектный падеж с причастием пр.вр.)
Где тебе сделали причёску?
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5. Not far from the tree I saw a women sitting on a bench. (a women sitting - объектный падеж с причастием наст.вр.)
Недалеко от дерева я увидела сидящую на скамейке женщину.
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7. I want my photograph taken. ( my photograph taken - объектный падеж с причастием пр. вр.)
Я хочу, чтобы меня сфотографировали.
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8. The committee had all necessary documents prepared befor first sitting.(prepared - причастие пр.вр.)
У комитете были все необходимые документы, которые были приготовлены ещё до первого заседания.
2007-03-16 19:26:44
Конец формы
· Причастные обороты, выражающие обстоятельство времени. Перед Present Participle Active обычно употребляются союзы When или While, которые никак не переводятся.
(When) going home I met an old friend of mine. - с причастием
Идя домой (когда я шел домой), я встретил своего старого друга.
Сравним
When I was going home, I met an old friend of mine. - без причастия
Когда я шел домой, я встретил своего старого друга.
(While) having dinner we discussed many questions. - с причастием
Обедая (Пока мы обедали), мы обсудили много вопросов.
Сравним
While we were having dinner, we discussed many questions. - без причастия
В то время, пока мы обедали, мы обсудили много вопросов.
Примечание
Если действие является обычным, или повторяющимся, то перед причастным оборотом ставится только When, а не While.
When driving a car I always fasten the seat belt.. - с причастием
Ведя машину (Когда я веду машину), я всегда пристегиваю ремень.
Сравним
When I am driving a car, I always fasten the seat belt. - без причастия
· Обстоятельство образа действия / сопутствующего обстоятельства:
They (were drinking) drank beer, talking about women. - с причастием(сопутствующее обстоятельство)
Они пили пиво, разговаривая о женщинах.
Сравним
They drank (were drinking) beer and talked (were talking) about women. - без причастия
He (was reading) read the letter nervously laughing. - с причастием(обстоятельство образа действия).
Он (про)читал письмо нервно смеясь.
Сравним
He (was reading) read the letter and laughed (was laughing). - без причастия
· Обстоятельство причины
Earning much money he usually stayed in Hilton.- с причастием
Зарабатывая много денег, он остановился в Хилтоне.
Сравним
As he earned much money, he usually stayed in Hilton.- без причастия
Так как он зарабатывал много денег, он обычно останавливался в Хилтоне.
ПРИЧАСТИЕ
She watched the children writing the dictation.
Writing the dictation, he made only one mistake.
The dictation written the day before was corrected.
Упр. 351. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на причастия.
1. Everybody looked at the dancing girl. 2. The little plump woman standing at the window is my grandmother. 3. The man playing the piano is Kate's uncle. 4. Entering the room, she turned on the light. 5. Coming to the theatre, she saw that the performance had already begun. 6. Looking out of the window, he saw his mother watering the flowers. 7. Hearing the sounds of music we stopped talking 8. She went into the room, leaving the door open.
Упр. 352. Замените придаточные определительные предложения причастными оборотами.
1. All the people who live in this house are students. 2. The woman who is speaking now is our secretary. 3. The apparatus that stands on the table in the corner of the laboratory is quite new. 4. The young man who helps the professor in his experiments studies at an evening school for laboratory workers. 5. People who take books from the library must return them in time. 6. There are many pupils in our class who take part in all kinds of extra-curricular activities.
Упр. 353. Замените придаточные предложения причины причастными оборотами.
1. As he now felt more at ease, the man spoke in a louder voice. 2. Since he knew who the man was, Robert was very pleased to have the chance of talking to him. 3. As he thought that it was his brother at the window, Steve decided to open it. 4. As the people were afraid of falling into a ditch in the darkness at any moment, they felt their way about very carefully. 5. Since he needed a shelter for the night, Peter decided to go to the neighbours' house.
Упр. 354. Замените придаточные предложения времени причастными оборотами (не опускайте союз when).
1. When you speak English, pay attention to the order of words. 2. Be careful when you are crossing a street. 3. When you are leaving the room, don't forget to switch off the light. 4.When you begin to work with the dictionary, don't forget my instructions. 5. When they were travelling in Central Africa, the explorers met many wild animals. 6. When you are copying English texts, pay attention to the articles. 7.You must have much practice when you are learning to speak a foreign language.
Past Participle = Participle II
III форма глагола
broken — сломанный, разбитый written — написанный eaten — съеденный
Упр. 355. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на Past Participle.
1. My sister likes boiled eggs. 2. We stopped before a shut door. 3. Tied to the tree, the goat could not run away. 4. They saw overturned tables and chairs and pieces of broken glass all over the room. 5. This is a church built many years ago. 6. The books written by Dickens give us a realistic picture of the 19th century England. 7. She put a plate of fried fish in front of me. 8. The coat bought last year is too small for me now. 9. Nobody saw the things kept in that box.
Сравните употребление Participle I ("ing''-форма) и Participle II (III форма глагола)
taking — берущий,беря
doing — делающий, делая
taken — взятый done — сделанный
Упр. 356. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на Participle 1 и Participle II.
1. a) A fish taken out of the water cannot live.
b) A person taking a sun-bath must be very careful.
c) Taking a dictionary, he began to translate the text.
2. a) A line seen through this crystal looks double.
b) A teacher seeing a mistake in a student's dictation always corrects it.
c) Seeing clouds of smoke over the house, the girl cried: "Fire! Fire!"
3. a) The word said by the student was not correct.
b) The man standing at the door of the train carriage and saying goodbye to his friends is a well-known musician.
c) Standing at the window, she was waving her hand.
4. a) A letter sent from St. Petersburg today will be in Moscow tomorrow.
b) He saw some people in the post-office sending telegrams. When sending the telegram she forgot to write her name.
5. a) Some of the questions put to the lecturer yesterday were very important.
b) The girl putting the book on the shelf is the new librarian.
c) While putting the eggs into the basket she broke one of them.
6. a) A word spoken in time may have very important results.
b) The students speaking good English must help their classmates.
c) The speaking doll interested the child very much.
d) While speaking to Nick some days ago I forgot to ask him about his sister.
Упр. 357. Выберите из скобок требующуюся форму причастия.
1 . a) The girl (writing, written) on the blackboard is our best pupil.
b) Everything (writing, written) here is quite right.
2. a) The house (surrounding, surrounded) by tall trees is very beautiful.
b) The wall (surrounding, surrounded) the house was very high.
3. a) Who is that boy (doing, done) his homework at that table?
b) The exercises (doing, done) by the pupils were easy.
4. a) The girl (washing, washed) the floor is my sister.
b) The floor (washing, washed) by Helen looked very clean.
5. a) We listened to the girls (singing, sung) Russian folk songs.
b) We listened to the Russian folk songs (singing, sung) by the girls.
6. Do you know the girl (playing, played) in the garden?
7. The book (writing, written) by this scientist is very interesting.
8. Translate the words (writing, written) on the blackboard.
9. We could not see the sun (covering, covered) by dark clouds.
10. The (losing, lost) book was found at last.
11 (Going, gone) along the street, I met Mary and Ann.
12. Read the (translating, translated) sentences once more.
13. Name some places (visiting, visited) by you last year.
14. I picked up the pencil (lying, lain) on the floor.
15. She was reading the book (buying, bought) the day before.
16. Yesterday we were at a conference (organizing, organized) by the pupils of the 10th form.
17. (Taking, taken) the girl by the hand, she led her across the street.
18. It was not easy to find the (losing, lost) stamp.
19. I shall show you a picture (painting, painted) by Hogarth.
20. Here is the letter (receiving, received) by me yesterday.
21. Look at the beautiful flowers (gathering, gathered) by the children.
22. His hat (blowing, blown) off by the wind was lying m the middle of the street.
23. ''How do you like the film?" he asked, (turning, turned) towards me.
24. When we came nearer, we saw two boys (coming, come) towards us.
25. I think that the boy (standing, stood) there is his brother.
Сравните употребление Present Participle и Perfect Participle
buying - покупая
having bought купив
Упр. 358. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present Participle или Perfect Participle.
1. (to do) his homework, he was thinking hard. 2. (to do) his homework, he went for a walk. 3 (to sell) fruit, he looked back from time to time, hoping to see his friends. 4. (to sell) all the fruit, he went to see his friends. 5. (to eat) all the potatoes, she drank a cup of tea. 6. (to drink) tea, she scalded her lips. 7. (to run) in the yard, I fell and hurt my knee. 8. (to look) through some magazines, I came across an interesting article about UFOs. 9. (to write) out and (to learn) all the new words, he was able to translate the text easily. 10. (to live) in the south of our country, he cannot enjoy the beauty of St. Petersburg's White Nights in summer. 11. (to talk) to her neighbour in the street, she did not notice how a thief stole her money. 12. (to read) the story, she closed the book and put it on the shelf. 13. (to buy) some juice and cakes, we went home. 14. (to sit) near the fire, he felt very warm.
Упр. 359. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на причастия. 1. The boy lay sleeping when the doctor came. 2. The broken arm was examined by the doctor. 3. While being examined, the boy could not help crying. 4. Having prescribed the medicine, the doctor went away. 5. The medicine prescribed by the doctor was bitter. 6. The dress bought at the department store was very beautiful. 7. While using a needle you should be careful not to prick your finger. 8. While crossing the street one should first look to the left and then to the right. 9. People watching a performance are called an audience. 10. Being very ill, she could not go to school. 11. The first rays of the rising sun lit up the top of the hill. 12. The tree struck by lightning was all black and leafless. 13. Being busy, he postponed his trip. 14. The door bolted on the in side could not be opened. 15. Having been shown the wrong direction, the travellers soon lost their way, 16. The room facing the garden is much more comfortable than this one. 17. Having descended the mountain they heard a man calling for help. 18. Flushed and excited, the boy came running to his mother. 19. He stood watching the people who were coming down the street shouting and waving their hands.
Действительное причастие совершенного вида (а также не совершенного вида прошедшего времени) может быть переведено на английский язык только придаточным определительным предложением (who threw, who has thrown, who had thrown)
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