The history of language lexicography. Dictionary entry
Инфа –презентация
Lexicography is a systematic description of a lexis of a given language as registered in dictionaries.
XVth century – bilingual dictionaries: Anglo-Latin, Anglo-French, Anglo-German dictionaries etc
XVIIth century – first native speaker’s dictionaries
1721 – First etymological dictionary
“An universal etymological English Dictionary, comprehending the derivation of the generality of works in the English tongue, either ancient or modern” by Nathan Bailey
1755 – “A Dictionary of the English language; in which the words are deduced from their originals and illustrated in their different significations by examples from the best writers” by Samuel Johnson.
Special features of S. Johnson’s dictionary:
He considered forms like I’m and I’ve undesirable and changed them. He quotes literature.Explanations are often not plain.
Cough (кашель) - convulsion of the lungs vellicated by some sharp serosity (судороги легких, раздраженных какой-нибудь острой жидкостью)
Unilingual dictionaries for general use, like Oxford English Dictionary (1859-1933), were characterized by “global coverage” aiming at including every word occurring in the literature of the language.
1884-1928“A New English Dictionary (NED) on historical principles founded mainly on the materials collected by the Philological Society” (10 volumes)
The aim was to create explanatory dictionary which could show all language resources.
The dictionary was developing during 70 years.
1933- “The Oxford English Dictionary” (13 volumes)
1963 - the second edition of the Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English by A.S. Hornby.
The principle of user-orientation.
1930- C.K. Ogden and I.A. Richards came up with the idea of Basic English limiting the number of words to 850. The project of Basic English was aimed at providing the basic minimum vocabulary in English.
Bank of English
The words in the corpus came from books, magazines, newspapers, pamphlets, leaflets, conversations, radio and television broadcasts.
The aim of collecting this textual evidence on computer was “to provide a fair representation of contemporary English”.
The Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English
Dictionary Entry. The material of the dictionary entry has been shown to consist of definitional phrases, philological and illustrative phrases. By definitional phrases we mean those that are created by the lexicographer for the purpose of explaining the meanings of a given word. Philological phrases are mainly are mainly presented by ready-made and idiomatic expressions, proverbs, sayings and quotations. Illustrative phrases are created in order to show how the word in this or that meaning actually functions in speech.
|
|
|
In dictionary entries definitions are followed by the illustrative materials. This comprises philological and illustrativephraseology. Philological phraseology includes contexts registered in the literary tradition, while illustrative phraseology presents all the varieties and genres of speech events which have been specially chosen to give the reader a clear idea of how the word is used.
For illustrative phraseology the important thing is the openness of a series of pragmatic samples. This can be best achievement in demonstrating the primary literal meaning of the word, which is most often its ‘free’ meaning. It is different from other lexical semantic variants because it enables the speaker to generate collocations knowing the semantic features of a given lexical unit. Other types of the word`s meaning are often determined by a number of phraseological and collocational patterns, and can no longer be regarded as `free`
The structure of an ordinary dictionary entry.
For example, the definition of the word additive according to the Concise American Heritage Dictionary (1997, p. 8) is the following:
ad∙di∙tive(ăd’ə‐tĭv) n. A substance added in small amounts to something else to improve or strengthen it. —adj. Relating to addition.
The black dots separate the syllables of the word and thus partially indicate the pronunciation of the word.
The Pronunciation
The second part of the dictionary entry is the pronunciation transcription. Often, the transcription will be included within a pair of forward slashes (//) or within parenthesis. This is the part that seems to be from a different language. Each dictionary has a pronunciation key, usually where you would find the table of contents in most books.
The key explains how each character is pronounced and identifies the form being used.
|
|
|
The Part of Speech
The third item in a dictionary entry is the part of speech. There are 8 parts of speech: adjective, adverb, conjunction, interjection, noun, preposition, pronoun, and verb. These are abbreviated as follows: adj.adv.conj.injer.n.prep.pron.v.
The Conjugation
If the word is a verb, the conjugation (the inflectional endings identify the tense) is included fourth.
For example, the inflectional endings of the verb addle are included in bold: ‐dled,‐dling. The hyphen indicates these are ending variations.
The Definition
Finally, we get to the part that probably drew us to the dictionary in the first place. The fifth item included in a dictionary entry is the definition. Multiple definitions are numbered.
If the word is more than one part of speech, the definitions are grouped according to the part of speech they apply to. For example, additive is an adjective and a noun, and the dictionary groups the definitions as follows:
adj. Involving addition. —n. A substance added in small amounts to something else to alter it.
When a word has multiple definitions, the definitions are numbered, such as the definitions for quota:
1.a. An allotment. b. A production assignment. 2. The maximum number of persons who may be admitted, as to a nation, group, or institution.
Additional Possibilities
Some dictionaries also include the word’s origins, multiple entries for a word, the level of formality of a
work, and/or its field of relevance.
The Word’s Origins
Some dictionaries include the origins of a word when applicable. The format varies but generally the
language is first indicated, then the original word and its English translation. The following provides the origins of sergeant, according to The Concise American Heritage Dictionary (1997, p.638):
[< L servus, slave.]. This indicates that sergeant comes from the Latin word for slave, servus.
Multiple Entries
Words may have multiple entries in a dictionary when they have definitions that are unrelated. This
|
|
|
happens when a word has multiple etymologies or origins. Consider the word poser. It has 2 entries poser1 (pōz ər) n. One who poses.
poser2 (pōz ər) n. A baffling question.
Level of Formality
Some dictionaries are kind enough to let you know the word’s level of usage (i.e. slang, archaic, rare, regional, etc.) when applicable.
Field of Relevance
Words have different definitions in different contexts or fields. For example, in general, complement refers to the something that completes. However, complement has a more specific definition in mathematics, grammar, music, medicine, and even navigation, so its other definitions will be marked math, gram, med and ect.
Дата добавления: 2018-04-04; просмотров: 1479; Мы поможем в написании вашей работы! |
Мы поможем в написании ваших работ!