Break-away couplings for hoses
For smaller terminals which do not have hard arms and which operate with hoses, it is often found that a break-away coupling is fitted in the hose string. Such equipment is installed to minimise cargo release in the event of a sudden ship break-out from the berth. This can be due to strong winds overstraining mooring lines.
10.6 REMOVAL OF SHIP FROM BERTH
A burning ship moored alongside, usually cannot be safely removed from the berth. Experience shows that a ship with a serious incident aboard, such as a fire, is less of a hazard to the port if kept alongside where assistance from shore services can be brought to bear.
In the case of an internal emergency within the terminal, it is often good practice to remove ships from the berths in order to avoid their possible involvement in the situation.
In any case, the ship's removal should be a matter for consultation between the shipmaster, the terminal and the port authority.
10.7 SHIP-TO-SHIP CARGO TRANSFER
A spillage or fire during ship-to-ship cargo transfer operations presents aspects of emergency action which need special consideration. The various contingencies and emergency procedures should be fully discussed between the two shipmasters before operations commence. An incident on one ship may call for substantial assistance from the emergency resources of the other and to the mutual benefit of both. There may be circumstances, however, when it would be preferable for the ships to separate in order to minimise the overall risk and perhaps to allow unobstructed access to the stricken ship by fire tugs and salvage services. These matters are more fully discussed in Reference 2.3.
Appendix 1
References
Sources of information used during the compilation of this book, and referenced throughout the text, are given below. Where possible, an International Standard Book Number (ISBN) is given.
These references are recommended to be available on gas carriers, in marine terminals and at educational establishments.
International Maritime Organization (IMO)
In this section the IMO publication reference numbers apply to English-language versions but versions in other official languages (French and Spanish) are available.
1.1 International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Liquefied Gases in Bulk (IGC Code), 1993. IMO Ref: 104 E. ISBN 92 801 1277 5.
1.2 Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Liquefied Gases in Bulk, 1983. Incorporating Amendments 1-4, IMO Ref: 782 E. ISBN 92 801 1165 5.
1.3 Code for Existing Ships Carrying Liquefied Gases in Bulk, 1976. Plus Supplement 1980. IMO Ref: 788 E/731 E. ISBN 92 801 1101 9 and Supplement 1980. ISBN 92 801 1274 0.
1.4 International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974, 1992. Plus all amendments up to 1995-1997 Consolidated edition. IMO Ref: HOE. ISBN 92 801 1294 5.
1.5 International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers, 1978. As amended by the 1995 Convention. IMO Ref: 938 E. ISBN 92 801 1085 3. (revised 1995).
1.6 Recommendations on the Safe Transport of Dangerous Cargoes and Related Activities in Port Areas, 1995. IMO Ref: 290 E. ISBN 92 801 1329 1.
1.7 Medical First Aid Guide for Use in Accidents involving Dangerous Goods (MFAG), 1991. IMO Ref: 251 E. ISBN 92 801 11892.
See alsosupplement to the International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code (IMDG Code). Consolidated 1992. IMO Ref: 229 E. ISBN 92 801 1248 1.
1.8 Model Course 1.05 — Liquefied Gas Tanker Familiarisation, 1991.
1.9 Model Course 1.06 — Advanced Training Programme on Liquefied Gas Tanker Operations, 1991.
The publications listed above are available from International Maritime Organization, 4 Albert Embankment, London SE1 7SR, UK. Tel: (0171)-735-7611, Fax: (0171)-587-3210.
Other Sources
2.1 Tanker Safety Guide (Liquefied Gas), (ICS) 1996. ISBN 0 906270 03 0.
2.2 Safety in Liquefied Gas Tankers, (ICS) 1991. ISBN 0 85493 026 4.
2.3 Ship to Ship Transfer Guide (Liquefied Gases), (SIGTTO/ICS/OCIMF) 1995. ISBN 1 85609 082 5.
2.4 International Safety Guide for Oil Tankers and Terminals, (ICS/OCIMF/IAPH) 1996. ISBN 1 85609 081 7.
2.5 A Guide to Contingency Planning for the Gas Carrier Alongside and Within Port Limits, (ICS/OCIMF/SIGTTO) 1998. ISBN 0 948691 27 1.
2.6 A Guide to Contingency Planning for Marine Terminals Handling Liquefied Gases in Bulk, (ICS/OCIMF/SIGTTO) 1999. ISBN 0 948691 81 6.
2.7 Contingency Planning and Crew Response Guide for Gas Carrier Damage at Sea and in Port Approaches, (ICS/OCIMF/SIGTTO) 1998. ISBN 0 948691 89 1.
2.8 Safety Guide for Terminals Handling Ships Carrying Liquefied Gases in Bulk, (OCIMF) 1993. ISBN 1 85609 057 4.
2.9 Safe Havens for Disabled Gas Carriers. A Consultative Document in the Seeking and Granting of a Safe Haven, (SIGTTO) 1982.
2.10 Recommendations for Manifolds for Refrigerated Liquefied Gas Carriers for Cargoes from 0°C to -104°C, (OCIMF) 1987. ISBN 0 948691 36 0.
2.11 Recommendations for Manifolds for Refrigerated Liquefied Natural Gas Carriers (LNG), (SIGTTO/OCIMF) 1994. ISBN 1 85609 066 3.
2.12 Guide to Purchasing, Manufacturing and Testing of Loading and Discharge Hoses for Offshore Moorings, (OCIMF) 1991. ISBN 1 85609 038 8.
2.13 Prediction of Wind Loads on Large Liquefied Gas Carriers, (OCIMF/SIGTTO) 1985. ISBN 0 900886 97 8.
2.14 Hydrates in LPG Cargoes — A Technological Review, (SIGTTO) 1984. ISBN 0 900886 94 3.
2.15 Marine Terminal Survey Guidelines — Chemical, Gas and Oil Terminals, (OCIMF) 1995. ISBN 1 85609 062 0.
2.16 Ship Information Questionnaire for Gas Carriers, (OCIMF/SIGTTO) 1998. ISBN 1 85609 1384.
2.17 Mooring Equipment Guidelines, (OCIMF) 1997. ISBN 1 85609 088 4.
2.18 Guidelines for Hazard Analysis as an Aid to Management of Safe Operations, (SIGTTO) 1992. ISBN 1 85609 054 X.
2.19 Training of Terminal Staff Involved in Loading and Discharging Gas Carriers, (SIGTTO) 1996. ISBN 1 85609 092 2.
2.20 Quantity Calculations - LPG and Chemical Gases, (SIGTTO) 1997. ISBN 1 845609 144 9.
2.21 Cargo Firefighting on Liquefied Gas Carriers — Study Notes, (SIGTTO) 1986. ISBN 0 948691 01 8.
2.22 Design and Construction Specification for Marine Loading Arms, (OCIMF) 1999. ISBN 1 85609 071 X.
2.23 Guidelines for Ship to Shore Access for Gas Carriers, (SIGTTO) 1993.
2.24 Guidelines for Preparing and Co-ordinating a Major Ship/Shore Emergency Exercise, (SIGTTO) 1994.
2.25 Guidelines for the Alleviation of Excessive Surge Pressures on ESD, (SIGTTO) 1987. ISBN 0 948691 40 9.
2.26 An Introduction to the Design and Maintenance of Cargo System Pressure Relief Valves on Board Gas Carriers, (SIGTTO) 1998. ISBN 1 85609 163 5.
2.27 Information Paper No. 12: In-Ground LNG Storage Tanks: Their Design, Construction, Operation and Maintenance, (SIGTTO) 1993.
2.28 Information Paper No. 6: Report of a Working Group on Liquefied Gas Sampling Procedures, (SIGTTO) 1988.
2.29 Information Paper No. 3: The Controlled Dispersion of Liquid Spill and Vapour Emission Incidents by Water Spray, (SIGTTO) 1987.
2.30 Information Paper No. 2: Avoidance of Stress Corrosion Cracking in Cargo Tanks, Reliquefaction Condensers and Condensate Return Pipework with Liquefied Ammonia Cargoes, (SIGTTO) 1987.
2.31 Information Paper No. 5: The Ship/Shore Interface - Communications Necessary for Matching Ship to Berth, (SIGTTO) 1997. ISBN 85609 128 7.
2.32 Information Paper No. 13: A List of Publication References applicable to Gas Carriers during Loading and Discharging Operations Alongside, (SIGTTO) 1997.
2.33 Recommendations for the Installation of Cargo Strainers on LNG Carriers, (SIGTTO) 1984.
2.34 Recommendations and Guidelines for Linked Ship/Shore Emergency Shut-Down of Liquefied Gas Cargo Transfer, (SIGTTO) 1987. ISBN 0 948691 39 5.
2.35 Rollover Prevention — A Review of Causes, Methods for Prevention and Damage Limitation Measures, (SIGTTO) 1993.
2.36 Guidelines for Automatic Cargo Tank Overfill Protection Aboard Gas Carriers, (SIGTTO) 1993.
2.37 Applicaton of Amendments to Gas Carriers Codes Concerning Type C Tank Loading Limits, (SIGTTO/IACS) 1997. ISBN 185609 125 2.
2.38 Accident Prevention. The Use of Hoses and Hard Arms at Marine Terminals Handling Liquefied Gas. Information Paper No. 4. (SIGTTO) 1996. ISBN 1 85609 1147.
2.39 Information Paper No. 15. A Listing of Design Guidelines for Liquefied Gas Terminals (Referencing Ports and Jetties), (SIGTTO) 1997. ISBN 1 85609 1406.
2.40 Information Paper No. 16. Ship/Shore Interface. Safe Working Practice for LPG and Liquefied Chemical Gas Cargoes, (SIGTTO) 1998. ISBN 1 85609 1430.
2.41 S/te Selection and Design for LNG Port and Jetties, (SIGTTO) 1997. ISBN 1 85609 129 5.
2.42 Port Information Questionnaire for Liquefied Gas Terminals, (SIGTTO) 1998. ISBN 1 85609 161 9.
The publications listed in this section are available from Witherby & Co Ltd (Marine Publishing) Book Dept., 2nd Floor, 32-26 Aylesbury Street, London EC1R OET, UK. Tel: (0171)-251-5341 Fax: (0171)-251-1296.
Appendix 2
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