Ask your partner some more questions on the text. Find in the text the sentences in Passive
Find in the text the sentences in Passive. Translate them into Russian.
17. Summarize the text using the following phrases:
The text reports on…
The text touches upon…
It is reported that…
Much attention is given to…
The text points out that…
The text deals with the problem of…
The text provides information on…
The text defines the phenomenon of…
The text covers such points as…
18. Read Text B and choose the headline from the ones given below:
– Ancient Gardens of Rome
– A Legend about Ancient Gardens
– The Hanging Gardens of Babylon
Words and expressions
consider – считать, полагать mudbrick – глиняный кирпич
mysterious – загадочный survive – выживать
desert – пустыня description – описание
cover – покрывать crumble – крошиться, разрушаться
pump – качать
NebuchadnezzarII, Amytis, Babylonian, Persia, Mesopotamia, Baghdad, theEuphratesRiver, Herodotus, Robert Koldewey
TextB
These gardens are considered to be one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. Although a lot has been said and written about these legendary gardens, they still remain mysterious
for thousands.
The gardens were built about 2,500 years ago by Nebuchadnezzar II, to make his wife Amytis happy because she didn’t like the Babylonian desert. She had lived in Persia, which had many plants and fountains.
The Hanging Gardens were known to be in Mesopotamia, near what is now Baghdad, Iraq. They were located by the Euphrates River and looked like a tower. Some historians believe the gardens were built in a series of platforms that all together were 320 feet high and were covered with trees, flowers, lawns, plants, fountains, pools, and miniature water falls. They had every kind of plant available in the kingdom. They were made of mud brick and stone, a series of terraces, one on top of the other. The plants couldn’t survive without water, so they had to pump water from the Euphrates River to flow down through channels to the plants.
Writers didn’t write specifically about the Hanging Gardens, but they wrote about lots of
other things in Babylon. Herodotus was the first author to give a full description of the Hanging
Gardens.
In the early 1900’s German archaeologist, Robert Koldewey found the area where the Hanging Gardens of Babylon had been located. Onlycrumblingmudbrickcanbeseentoday.
19. Choose the correct answer:
1. When were the Hanging Gardens of Babylon built?
A about 3,500 years agoBabout 2,500 years agoC about 1,500 years agoD about 1,000 years ago
2. Why did Nebuchadnezzar II built these gardens?
Ato grow herbs and vegetablesBto enjoy flowersCto make his daughter happyDto make his wife Amytis happy
3. How did the gardens look like?
Alike a towerBlike a rockClike a pondDlike a wall
4. What were the gardens made of?
Amud brick and marble Bmud brick and timberCmud brick and stoneDmarble and granite
5. Who was the first author to give a full description of the Hanging Gardens?
ANebuchadnezzar IIBAmytisCHerodotusDRobert Koldewey
20. Match the parts of the sentences:
| 1. These gardens are considered to be… 2.The gardens were built … 3.The Hanging Gardens were known to be in Mesopotamia, … 4.Some historians believe the gardens were built … 5.They had every kind of plant … 6.They were made of mud brick and stone, a series of terraces, … 7.They had to pump water from the Euphrates River … 8.German archaeologist, Robert Koldewey found the area … 9.Only crumbling mud brick … | a) … near what is now Baghdad, Iraq. b) … one on top of the other. c) … can be seen today. d) … to flow down through channels to the plants. e) … in a series of platforms. f) … where the Hanging Gardens of Babylon had been located. g) … one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. h) … available in the kingdom. i) … about 2,500 years ago |
Retell the text in Russian.
22. Read and translate Text C in writing using a dictionary:
Text C
Where does the Story of Gardens Begin?
People have always depended on plants for their survival, for food, shelter, raw materials and medicine. In Neolithic times, our ancestors began to cut down trees to clear land so they could dig the soil, plant and grow for themselves the fruit, nuts, grains, vegetables and herbs that they needed. Soon they must have realized that these areas of altered nature could be used to give pleasure as well. And so the idea of a “garden” was born.
The ancient civilizations of Egypt, Persia, China, Greece and Rome all saw gardens as important. They played a role in economic and social life, and they also symbolized a vision of perfection. In Judeo-Christian traditions, Adam and Eve were expelled from the perfect Garden of Eden. In Persian beliefs (later adopted by Islam), the garden was a physical representation of Paradise, which the Koran describes as a “state of blessedness”. In fact, the words “paradise” and “park” were the same in ancient Persian.
These early gardens were usually formal in layout and contained plants that provided shade, shelter, ornament, medicine and food. These gardens weren’t simply collection of plants. For the wealthy, gardens were places of rest and pleasure, places for entertainment, games, music, dining and dancing. They were literally used as an extension of the house, an outdoor room. The poorest of households, too, would have some plants, even if they were only culinary and medicinal herbs grown in pots.
In ancient Egypt, plants played a major role in the economy along with their use in religious ceremonies.
The Romans first distinguished between “useful” gardens and “ornamental” gardens. They planted vegetable gardens and orchards on the outskirts of towns, creating early market gardens and allotments. They planted ornamental gardens in the towns and by the villas where they lived.
Archaeologists have discovered a lot about Roman gardens from the remains at Pompeii which was preserved under volcanic debris when Mount Vesuvius erupted in 79AD. It’s clear that gardens were related to many aspects of Roman cultural life: architecture, painting, sculpture, religion, work, recreation, and city planning, as well as horticulture and economics.
There is an amazing similarity between the gardens of ancient civilizations and those of today. They were usually enclosed by buildings or walls to protect important plants that were used for food and medicine. Our gardens today own much to these civilizations, in their form, use and even in the plants we grow. Many plants were introduced to northern Europe by the Romans, including bay, rosemary, thyme, lavender, horse chestnut, and chestnut. The Ancients also understood that people needed garden-like open spaces in towns too, where they can gather, meet, socialize, trade and observe ceremonies. These town spaces were the forerunners of our public parks and city squares.
Socializing
Language
I. Listen, read and memorize:
| Do you speak English? Do you speak Russian? Yes, I speak English (Russian, etc.) No, I don’t speak English (Russian, etc.) I speak English well. I speak English poorly. I study English. I know English. I speak a little English. Can you read English? Yes, I can read English. No, I can’t read English. What is your native language? My native language is… Of course but both | Вы говорите по-английски? Вы говорите по-русски? Да, я говорю по-английски (по-русски и т.д.). Нет, я не говорю по-английски (по-русски и т.д.). Я хорошо говорю по-английски. Я плохо говорю по-английски. Я учу английский язык. Я знаю английский язык. Я немного говорю по-английски. Вы можете читать по-английски? Да, я могу читать по-английски. Нет, я не могу читать по-английски. Какой ваш родной язык? Мой родной язык… Конечно но оба, обе |
Обратитевнимание!
Слово little имеет значение «мало», а когда оно употребляется с неопределенным артиклем (alittle), оно имеет значение «немного».
Например:
I have little money.
I have a little money.
I speak a little English.
II. Listen, memorize and act out:
| 1 – Slava, do you speak Russian? – Of course I speak Russian. It is my native language. – And do you speak English? – Yes, I speak English, but very poorly. I speak German well, and understand a little French. 3 – Let me introduce you. This is my friend SokKhvan. – Nice to meet you. My name is Misha. Are you Russian? – Yes, I am Russian. SokKhvan, what is your nationality? – I am Korean. Korean is my native language. Misha, do you speak Korean? – No, I don’t. I speak a little English. And do you speak English? – Yes, but very poorly. – But you speak Russian very well. | 2 – Edward, do you understand Russian? – Yes, I understand and speak a little Russian. And what is tour native language? – My native language is German. Are you German? – Yes, I am. 4 – Hello, Anna! Let me introduce you to my friend Sophia. – Nice to meet you Sophia. Are you Italian? – Yes, I am Italian. And you? – I am Spanish. – Do you live in Moscow? – Yes, now I live and study in Moscow. Sophia, do you speak Spanish? – No, I don’t. And do you speak Italian? – No, I don’t speak Italian. – But we both speak and understand English! |
Practice
- Fill in the blanks:
Sergey is Russian. Russian is his ____ language. Of course he can ____, ____ and ____ Russian.
Jane is English. ____ is her native language. Of course she ____, ____ and ____ English well.
Sun is Chinese. He can’t ____, ____, or ____ English.
Sophie is Italian. Her native language is ____. Besides, she ____ speaks ____ and ____.
Olga is an interpreter. She speaks ____ and ____ very well.
- Give positive and negative answers:
Example:
Does Mary speak French? – Yes, she does. (No, she doesn’t.)
1. Do you understand English?
2. Does Lin speak Chinese?
3. Can Robert write German?
4. Can your friends read Italian?
5. Do you understand Japanese?
6. Can you speak Swedish?
7. Does Jack understand Russian?
- Fill in the questions:
1. ____? They speak German well.
- ____? No, I can’t read Swedish.
- ____? Yes, John speaks Russian.
- ____? Lena used to speak French.
- ____? Her native language is English.
- ____? Of course I understand Chinese.
- ____? I speak a little French.
- ____? Yes, now I can read and write in Italian.
- Answer the questions:
1. Do you speak Italian?
- What is your native language?
- Do you study German?
- Can you speak and write in French?
- Does she speak English?
- What is his native language?
- Do you speak English well?
- Translate from Russian into English:
A. Меня зовут Ольга. Я русская. Русский язык – мой родной язык. Конечно, я хорошо говорю, читаю, пишу и понимаю по-русски. Я учу английский язык. Сейчас я немного говорю по-английски и немного понимаю.
B. Меня зовут Дэн. Я англичанин. Мой родной язык английский. Сейчас я живу и работаю в Москве. Я переводчик и работаю в фирме. Я хорошо говорю и понимаю по-русски. Еще я говорю по-немецки и по-французски.
- Makeupdialogues.
Unit VI
Garden Design
Grammar for Revision: Modal Verb “Can” and its Equivalent“Be Able”
Text A : Garden Design
Text B
Text C : Garden Accessories
Socializing: Getting Around the City
“The best time to plant a tree was 20 years ago.
The second-best time is now”.
Chinese proverb
Warm up
Your garden can and should reflect how you feel about your home. Knowing the basics of outdoor living design can help you create the perfect harmony between your indoor and outdoor settings.
Take the following quiz and see if you've got the basic knowledge needed to create that outdoor oasis for you and your family:
1. What basic design principle should you follow when designing your home's outdoor
living space?
a) Pick any style.
b) Continue the style of your home.
c) Pick your favorite style.
2. Which theme should you choose for your outdoor living space?
a) Choose a fantasy theme.
b) Choose a Western theme.
c) It doesn't matter.
3. What's a good way to get ideas for designing your outdoor living space?
a) Look at design books.
b) Visit gardens.
c) Both of the above.
4. Which area of your outdoor living space should be located nearest the house?
a) the eating area
b) the play area
c) the fence area
5. What should be the focus of your backyard design?
a) the pool
b) the view
c) the patio
6. Which type of plant will grow best in your garden?
a) oak trees
b) rhododendron bushes
c) plants that are native to your region
7. How can you incorporate water effects into your garden design?
a) Create an artificial pond.
b) Create an artificial waterfall.
c) both of the above
8. How can you improve the soil conditions of your outdoor site?
a) Add sprinklers.
b) Add compost.
c) Add more plants.
Read the answers to the quiz and check yourself:
1. The design of your garden or pool area should complement the architectural style of your home.
2. It doesn't matter which theme you choose as long as you stick to it.
3. Cut out pictures from magazines, study design books and visit beautiful gardens to get ideas for your own backyard design.
4. Choose an area close to the house for functions like eating, reading and cooking. Play and sports areas should be located farther away.
5. A nice view is so important that if you don't already have one, you should create one. There are many different techniques for designing a view for your property.
6. Native plants are usually the best choice for your home garden. They require less water and tend to attract pollinators such as bees and butterflies.
7. Water effects such as ponds and waterfalls add drama and interest to your garden design. The sound of gurgling water is very soothing, as well.
8. Add compost or materials that enhance draining or alter the pH of your soil to make sure that you get the most out of your landscape designs.
Grammar Revision
Modal Verb “Can” and its Equivalent “Be Able”
| can/ be able (to) |
| Present | Past | Future | |
| can am is able (to) are |
could
was able (to) were
| – will be able (to) | |
|
Возможность: могу, умею возможно
Разрешение: можно
Запрещение: нельзя
| I can run very fast. He can speak French. Can he speak Italian? You can get there by bus. You can come at any time.
Can I have a cup of coffee?
You can’t cross the street here.
| ||
Обратитевнимание!
Когдаэквивалентмодальногоглаголаcanдублируетужеимеющиесяформы (I can = I am able; He could = He was able), онимеетсобственныйоттенокзначения am/is/are/able to – бытьвсостоянии, бытьспособным; was/were able to – смог, сумел, удалось (= manage).
Например:
He is an honest man. He is not able to do it (неспособен).
Jack was an excellent tennis player. He could beat anybody (могвыиграть). But once he had a difficult game against John. John played very well but in the end Jack was able to beat him (смог).
I. Take this Can, Could, Be able to Quiz. Fill in the gaps:
1. ____ he understand what you were talking about?
2. My sister ____ play tennis now.
3. I ____ walk when I was less than a year old.
4. (Polite) ____ you tell me what time it is, please?
5. My grandfather ____ walk without any help last night.
6. I would like to ____ play the piano.
7. How long have you ____ drive?
8. I'll ____ help you later.
9. Can you help me? I ____ never understand this.
10. Will Man ____ live forever one day?
II. Write the verbs in brackets in their correct forms into the gaps:
1. Last week we ____ swimming, this week we can't. (can/to go)
2. Maybe the Smiths ____ a new house next year. (can/to build)
3. If you try hard, you ____ your examinations. (can/to pass)
4. When I was five, I ____. (not/can/to swim)
5. Dennis ____ the trumpet after four months. (can/to play)
6. Luke has passed his driving test, now he ____ a car. (can/to drive)
7. I ____ to him on the phone for three weeks last month. (not/can/to speak)
8. Alex ____ his homework when his desk is in such a mess. (not/can/to do)
9. They were so busy, they ____ me a text message. (not/can/to write)
10. Lisa ____ her dress. She can wear it again. (can/to clean)
Word Study
1. Listen, read and memorize:
| 1) owner 2)experience 3) advanced degree 4)state license 5)rockery 6)waterfeature 7)decking 8)consideration 9)appearance 10)lifespan | владелец опыт болеевысокаястепень государственнаялицензия сад камней водный объект украшения, убранство; настил соображение, рассмотрение внешний вид продолжительность, срок жизни | 11)habit 12)maintenance 13)funds 14)affect 15)choice 16)regarding 17)whether 18)roughly 19)desire 21)hardscape 22)sod 23)overtime | характерразвития, произрастания поддержание, уход денежные средства влиять выбор относительно ли грубо, приблизительно желать малые архитектурные формы дерн постепенно |
2. Give the Russian equivalents to the following words and word combinations:
design, designer, professionals, to train, training, principles, expert, landscape architects, formal, combinations, regular, characteristics, naturalistic, limitations, budget, to address, materials, style, alternatively
3. Translate the following word combinations into Russian:
for the layout and planting of gardens and landscapes; garden owners; in principles of design and in horticulture; an expert knowledge and experience; the layout of hard landscape; sitting areas; with consideration; their season-to-season appearance; growth habit; the maintenance needs of the garden; to affect the choices of plants; whether annual or perennial; hardscape materials; sod for lawns; area by area
4. Match the verb and its synonym:
| 1) own 2) consider 3) appear 4) maintain 5) affect 6) choose 7) desire | a) seem b) influence c) possess d) select e) regard f) want g) support |
5. Match the word and its definition:
| 1)experience 2)rockery 3)sod 4)lifespan 5)habit 6)decking 7)water feature 8)maintenance 9)roughly 10)hardscape | a)characteristic appearance, form, or manner of growth, especially of a plant b)a section of grass-covered surface soil held together by matted roots; turf c)the state of being supported d)a wooden deck or platform, especially one in a garden for deckchairs, etc. e)the manmade part of the grounds surrounding a building, as paved areas or statues f)a garden constructed with rocks, especially one where alpine plants are grown g)used for showing that an amount, number, time etc is not exact h)skill or knowledge that you get by doing something i)a pond or fountain in a garden j)the average or maximum length of time an organism, material, or object can be expected to survive or last |
6. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words:
1. Having car insurance is very important for a car ____.
2. Applicants are not required to have ____.
3. The officer askedthe man for the driver's ____.
4. What are the ethical ____ for providers of such anonymous email services?
5. Physical ____ is the top concern of most teens.
6. Patients have a wide ____ in how they wish to pay for dental treatment.
7. The importance of this video will grow ____.
8. Extra investment ____ will be available next year.
(appearance, overtime, advanced degrees, choice, license, owner, funds, considerations)
7. Read Text A and answer the question:
– What considerations are subject to the limitations of the budget for a garden design?
Text A
Garden Design
Garden design is the creation of plans for the layout and planting of gardens and landscapes. Garden Design is a specialized branch of Landscape Design, concerned with private space.
Garden design may be done by the garden owners themselves, or by professionals. Most professional garden designers are trained in principles of design and in horticulture, and have an expert knowledge and experience of using plants. Some professional garden designers are also landscape architects, a more formal level of training that usually requires an advanceddegree and often a statelicense.
Elements of garden design include the layout of hard landscape, such as paths, rockeries, walls, waterfeatures, sitting areas and decking, as well as the plants themselves, with consideration for their horticultural requirements: their season-to-season appearance, lifespan, growth habit, size, speed of growth, and combinations with other plants and landscape features.
Consideration is also given to the maintenance needs of the garden, including the time or funds available for regular maintenance, which can affect the choices of plants regarding speed of growth, spreading or self-seeding of the plants, whether annual or perennial, and bloom-time, and many other characteristics. Garden design can be roughly divided into two groups, formal and naturalistic gardens.
The most important consideration in any garden design is how the garden will beused and the way the garden space will connect to the home or other structures in the surrounding areas. All of these considerations are subject to the limitations of the budget. Budget limitations can result in a simpler garden style with fewer plants and less costly hardscape materials, seeds rather than sod for lawns, and plants that grow quickly; alternatively, garden owners may choose to create their garden over time, area by area.
8. Choose the correct answer:
1. Garden design is the creation of plans for ____.
a) the layout of gardens and landscapes
b) for the planting of gardens and landscapes
c) for the layout and planting of gardens and landscapes
2. Most professional garden designers have ____.
a) an expert knowledge of using plants
b) both knowledge and experience of using plants
c) experience of using plants
3. Elements of garden design include the layout of ____.
a) both hard landscape and the plants themselves
b) hard landscape
c) plants
4. Garden design can be roughly divided into ____.
a) two groups
b) three groups
c) four groups
5. Budget limitations can result in a simpler garden style with ____.
a) many plants
b) much costly plants
c) plants that grow quickly
9. Find in the text the equivalents to the following word combinations:
сады и ландшафты;владельцы садов;профессиональные садовые дизайнеры;принципы дизайна и садоводства;опыт в использовании растений;ландшафтные архитекторы;регулярный уход;время цветения;формальные и естественные сады;окружающие территории;лимиты бюджета
10. Find in the text and read the sentence in which it is said that…
– Garden design is the art and process of designing and creating plans for layout and planting of gardens and landscapes.
– Professional garden designers must know the principles of design and have knowledge and experience of using plants.
– Landscape architects usually require an advanced degree and often a state license.
– Maintenance needs of the gardenare also taken into consideration.
– How the garden will beused and how it will connect to the home or other structures in the surrounding areas is the most important consideration.
– Budget limitations affect a garden style.
11. Match the parts of the sentences:
| 1.Garden design may be done by … 2. Most professional garden designers are trained … 3. Some professional garden designers are also … 4.Elements of garden design include … 5. Hard landscape includes … 6. Horticultural requirements of plants are … 7. Garden design can be roughly divided into two groups, … 8. Budget limitations can result in … 9. Garden owners may choose … | a)… landscape architects. b)… season-to-season appearance, lifespan, growth habit, size, speed of growth, and combinations with other plants and landscape features. c) … formal and naturalistic gardens. d) … in principles of design and in horticulture. e) … to create their garden over time, area by area. f) … a simpler garden style. g) … the layout of hard landscape and the plants themselves. h) … the garden owners themselves, or by professionals. i) … paths, rockeries, walls, waterfeatures, sitting areas and decking. |
12. Say if it is true or false. Correct the wrong statements:
1. Garden Design is a specialized branch of Landscape Design.
2. Only professionals can create a garden design.
3. Professional garden designers usually require an advanced degree and often a state license.
4. Most professional garden designers have an expert knowledge and experience of using plants.
5. Maintenance needs of the garden can not affect the choices of plants.
6. Formal and naturalistic gardens are two main groups of a garden design.
7. The most important consideration in any garden design is budget limitations.
13. Answer the questions:
1. What is garden design?
2. What principlesare most professional garden designers trained in?
3. What elements does garden design include?
4. What considerations should a garden designer take when creating a garden design?
5. What are horticultural requirements for plants in garden design?
6. How can garden design be roughly divided into?
7. How can budget limitations affect garden design?
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