Comprehension and Discussion Questions. 1. When did the gold standard die?
1. When did the gold standard die?
2. When was the International Monetary Fund founded?
3. What was the task of the IMF?
4. Why did the fixed exchange rate collapse?
5. What exchange rate system does the world operate with?
6. What are the functions of the foreign exchange market?
7. Can foreign exchange rate be reduced?
8. Why does a government restrict the convertibility of its currency?
9. Does exchange rate influence the profitability of foreign trade?
WORD STUDY
Ex. 1. Match a word in A with its synonym in B.
| A | B |
| 1. to take part | a) to forecast |
| 2. to facilitate | b) benefit |
| 3. risk | c) to participate |
| 4. to predict | d) reply |
| 5. to restrict | e) to set up |
| 6. to attempt | f) venture |
| 7. to protect | g) to limit |
| 8. to establish | h) to try |
| 9. profit | i) to promote |
| 10. response | j) to defend |
Ex. 2. Find logical links: which noun in B can go with the verb in A?
| A | B |
| 1. to convert | a) development |
| 2. to predict | b) money |
| 3. to restrict | c) business |
| 4. to reach | d) changes |
| 5. to maintain | e) currency |
| 6. to promote | f) agreement |
| 7. to lend | g) order |
| 8. to fix | h) convertibility |
| 9. to launch | i) exchange rate |
Ex. 3. List “A” contains some basic terms in the field of business. Choose a term to fit each definition in list “B”.
List A 1. management
2. insurance
3. balance of trade
4. inflation
5. risk
6. macroeconomic
List B
a. __________ the study of the economy as a whole.
b. __________ the possibility of profit or loss depending on the success or failure.
c. __________ the organization and coordination of an enterprise.
d. __________ the difference between the export and import.
e. __________ the period of rising prices during which the purchasing power of the
dollar is falling.
f. __________ the protection against financial loss by sharing risk with other.
Ex. 4. Match the Russian terms with their English equivalents.
| A | B |
| 1. отношения между | a) tax policy |
| 2. оказывать финансовую помощь | b) entrepreneurship |
| 3. экономическое увеличение | c) central bank accounting |
| 4. кредитование | d) public expenditure |
| 5. налоговая политика | e) administration |
| 6. администрирование | f) relationship between |
| 7. государственные расходы | g) economic growth |
| 8. баланс платежей | h) regulatory policy |
| 9. надсмотр за банковскими операциями | i) bank supervision |
| 10. управление банками | j) to provide financial support |
| 11. учёт банковских операций | k) lending money |
| 12. регулирующая политика | l) bank supervision management |
| 13. предпринимательство | m) balance of payment |
Ex. 5. Translate the sentences into English using the key-terms given in Ex. 4.
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1. Отношения между странами и частными секторами на макроуровне – это задачи Международного валютного фонда.
2. МВФ даёт финансовую поддержку относительно того, как Украина внедряет политику, направленную на рост экономики.
3. МВФ, кроме объемных кредитов, предоставлял техническую помощь по таким основным направлениям:
- налоговая политика и администрирование;
- управление государственными расходами;
- надсмотр за операциями центральных и коммерческих банков;
- экономическая и финансовая статистика.
4. За последние 10 лет система МВФ научила более 100 украинских чиновников по финансовому программированию и политике, методологии составления баланса платежей, внешней политике и другим вопросам.
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5. Приблизительно 150 специалистов посетили курсы и семинары по анализу макроэкономики и политике управления государственными расходами, по учёту банковских операций и менеджменту фискальной политики.
6. Международная финансовая корпорация даёт советы правительству, как улучшить общий предпринимательский климат.
7. Кабинет министров, министерства, Администрация президента, Государственный комитет по регулирующей политики и предпринимательству сотрудничали по проекту МФК.
Grammar
Conditionals
I. First conditional sentences (clauses)are based on the fact in real time and they express a possible condition in the present or future.
If you come, we’ll go for a walk.
Если ты придешь, мы пойдём на прогулку.
If supply increases, the price will decrease.
Если предложение будет увеличиваться, цена будет уменьшаться.
This rule applies also to the subordinate clauses of time introduced by when.
II. Second conditional sentences (clauses)are not based on the fact. They express the situation, which is contrary to reality in the present and future.
If I were you, I’d (would) sign this contract.
Если б я был на вашем месте, я бы подписал этот контракт (ещё возможно его подписать).
III. Third conditional sentences (clauses)are not based on the fact. They express the situation, which is contrary to reality in the past.
If they had given us a good discount, we would have signed that contract.
Если бы они сделали скидки, мы бы подписали тот контракт (не реализованное условие).
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The Use of Tenses in the Conditional Sentences
| Subordinate clause (придаточное предложение) | Principal clause (главное предложение) | |
| Conditional I | Present Indefinite (simple) | Future Indefinite (simple) |
| Conditional II | Past Indefinite (simple) | (should) would +Infinitive |
| Conditional III | Past Perfect | (should) would + Perfect Infinitive |
The Past Indefinite (simple) is used in the second conditional and with wish, if only, would rather and it’s time to express unreal Present and Future.
The Past Perfect is used in the third conditional and with wish, if only, would rather to express unreal Past.
I wish you were in my place.
Хотелось, чтоб ты был на моём месте.
If only you stopped smoking!
Если б ты только перестал курить!
If only you would have done it before.
Если б ты сделал это раньше.
Ex.6. Translate these sentences into Russian and mark the type of the clause as:
Cond. I
Cond. II
Cond. III
Model: If I were you, I’d (would) not buy it. (Cond. II) – Я (на твоём месте) этого не купил бы.
1. If you come today, I’ll pay you.
2. If you had a lot of money, what would you buy?
3. I wish I had studied English at school.
4. If this lesson doesn’t end soon, I’ll fall asleep.
5. If I’d had more time, I’d have finished my report.
6. If only I didn’t have to go there.
7. The payment will be done in time if we receive your order.
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8. The order is not valid for export if it is not done in due time.
9. If we had attracted foreign investments earlier, we would have had better results.
10. If you didn’t pay the tax, you would be fined.
11. If am authorizes to sign this paper, I’ll do it with pleasure.
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