Translate using a certain type of equivalence
1) It was during the time when Latin was spoken, however, that the first modifications had to be made in the alphabet
2) There is a strong probability that it was the ancient Egyptians who first hit on the alphabetic principle; but we cannot prove it for we cannot show that all or even a majority of the characters which ultimately became the alphabet we know were used in Egyptian texts of any period.
3) Once a gentleman, and always a gentleman
4) Handsome is as handsome does
5) A knowledge of literature is fostered in the United Kingdom by the schools, colleges and universities of the country, in all of which English literature is taught either as part of a general course or as a special subject.
6) Richard the Hunchback was a bad character. It is claimed that he not only murdered Henry VI while he was a captive, but had his own brother, Clarence, who was imprisoned by Edward IV for conspiracy and died mysteriously, drowned in a butt of malmsey.
7) The Sultana, the daughter of the Emir Shake was received with royal honours at Constantinople, where she was to remain till a message should come from her husband stating where he wished her to join him.
8) «The Tatler» was superseded in 1711 by «The Spectator» and it is in the articles published in this periodical that Addison's work shows at its best.
9) A little reflection will show that to the theory, thus boldly stated, there are many objections. No account is taken of imagination, which must necessarily play an important part in the highest forms of poetry; nor again is there any place for the.subjective element – the innermost feelings of the individual poet which must find expression in all real poetry.
10) In the view of this school then, pottery, which may be classed as a simple invention, may well[i] have been invented several times in several places quite independently, and the wide distribution of the trait is to be accounted for, not as a result of diffusion from a single point! of origin, but as due to spread from various independent centres.
11) To begin with, dialectal varieties are as numerous in Tuscany as anywhere else in the Peninsula[ii] and while the divergence between any one of these (Florentine, Luccan, and so forth) and the standard language is less noticeable than is the case with the dialects of regions, nevertheless the literary tongue cannot be said to coincide precisely with any one of the Tuscan varieties.
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