Hypokalemic Myopathy (Potassium Depletion) in Cats
As an electrolyte, potassium serves a variety of functions within the body, including maintaining proper fluid volume and pH and for normal muscle contraction. This is especially true for those cats suffering from kidney disease, liver disease, or diabetes mellitus.
Clinical signs:
1. loss of weight
2. appetite loss
3. lock
4. muscular weakness
5. muscle pain
6. paralysis of respiratory muscles
Diagnosis of hypokalemia in a sick cat is based on a history, clinical signs, and measurements of blood potassium levels. If hypokalemia is diagnosed, treatment consists of intravenous injections of a potassium supplement to correct the immediate deficit, followed by oral supplementation as long as deemed necessary.
Hernias
A hernia results from a tear or defect in a muscular wall, allowing the contents contained behind the wall to protrude through the opening in the muscle. In dogs, the four most prevalent types of hernias include umbilical hernias, inguinal hernias, perineal hernias, and diaphragmatic hernias.
Umbilical hernias occur on the midline of the dog’s stomach at the location of the umbilicus, or the belly button. These usually result from trauma to the muscle wall in this area that occurs when the bitch severs the umbilical cord after birth. Umbilical hernias pose no real health problems, since fatty tissue is usually the only item that ever protrudes through the opening. These hernias can be sutured and repaired at the time of other elective surgeries.
Inguinal hernias occur in the inguinal region of the abdomen, or that region where the abdominal musculature meets that of the hind legs. They are seen as birth defects or secondary to trauma. These hernias are more serious than umbilical hernias, since the herniated material often includes intestines. As a result, normal digestive processes can be disrupted. Treatment involves surgical replacement of the herniated material back inside the abdomen and suturing the defective muscle.
Perineal hernias result from a weakening of the musculature in the region located beneath the tail on either side of the anus. Seen primarily in older male dogs that have not been neutered, perineal hernias can involve portions of the colon and cause impactions and elimination problems if not surgically corrected. By far the most serious type of hernia is the diaphragmatic hernia. The diaphragm is the thick wall of muscle that separates the thorax or chest cavity from the abdominal contents. Tears or ruptures occurring in this band of muscle, resulting either from inherited defects or from traumatic incidents, can allow liver, intestines, and/or other abdominal contents to herniate into the chest cavity. When this happens, the pressure applied to the crowded lungs and heart results in, among other things, breathing difficulties, weakness, and/or gastrointestinal disturbances.
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Definitive diagnosis of a diaphragmatic hernia can be made by coupling history, clinical signs, and a physical examination with radiographic X-ray findings. Surgical repair of the torn diaphragm will alleviate the signs and usually result in a complete recovery.
Vestibular Disease
The vestibular system is a specialized portion of the nervous system found within the inner ear, brain, and spinal cord. Its duty is to maintain a state of equilibrium and balance. Peripheral vestibular dysfunction (PVD) is a disease that affects the nerves of the vestibular apparatus in the ears.
Clinical signs:
1. loss of balance
2. intended derganiye of eyeballs
3. vomiting
4. sudden beginning of inconsistency
Reasons:
1. injury of ears
2. skull infections
3. skull tumors
Diagnosis of PVD is achieved using clinical signs and various laboratory tests to rule out other potential causes of the symptoms. Radiographs of the skull may be helpful in the detection of any masses or infections that may involve the inner portions of the ears. Treatment, of course, depends on the underlying cause and usually includes high doses of corticosteroid medications designed to reduce inflammation involving the vestibular apparatus.
Vestibular ataxia syndrome is seen in kittens born of queens stricken with feline parvovirus during pregnancy. Owners often are alerted to a problem when these kittens seem to have trouble in attempting to walk. Congenital vestibular syndrome is seen in Siamese and Burmese cats, with signs appearing anywhere from 2 to 4 weeks of age. The prognosis for Siamese
cats with congenital vestibular syndrome is good, with clinical signs usually abating by the time the cat is 6 months of age.
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