Legg-Perthes Disease
Osteochondrosis
Osteochondrosis describes a condition characterized by abnormal development and growth of joint cartilage. It is seen in young dogs and usually strikes larger breeds.
Reasons:
1. overfeeding
2. cartilage injury.
Clinical signs:
1. inflammation of joints
2. lameness
The shoulder, elbow, knee, and hock joints are the regions most commonly affected.
Diagnosis. Radiographic X rays are used to definitively diagnose osteochondrosis in a dog. In many of these dogs, healing will occur spontaneously over 4 to 6 weeks with strict cage rest.
Treatment:
1. removal of a dead cartilage
2. use of anti-inflammatory drugs
3. glycosamine
4. chondratine sulfate
5. hyaluronic acid
Legg-Perthes Disease
Legg-Perthes disease, or ischemic femoral head necrosis, is an orthopedic condition involving the hips of smaller breeds of dogs, such as Yorkshire terriers and miniature poodles. This condition is characterized by a degeneration of the head of the femur bone—that portion which fits into the socket of the pelvis to form the hip joint. Hereditary in nature, Legg-Perthes disease usually appears around 3 to 9 months of age. Clinical signs associated with this disease include lameness and painful hips. On radiographic diagnosis, treatment for Legg-Perthes disease involves surgical removal of the head of the affected femur(s).
Patellar Luxation (Dogs)
Patellar luxation is an orthopedic condition in which the patella, or kneecap, “slips” to one side of the knee joint, causing pain and loss of the joint function. Medial patellar luxation, in which the patella slips to the inside surface of the joint, is most often seen in the toy breeds, such as Yorkshire terriers, poodles, and Pomeranians. It is caused this disease the wrong anatomic development of bones, the including knee joint is.
Signs of this problem can occur as early as 6 months of age in affected dogs. An easily displaced patella found on physical examination will confirm a diagnosis of patellar luxation. Radiographs are helpful as well to determine the extent of arthritis involvement, if any at all.
Surgical correction of patellar luxation is the treatment of choice in these pets. This involves altering the anatomy of the tibia (the shin-bone that makes up the lower portion of the knee joint) in such a way that the patella is not allowed to slip to either side.
Torn Knee Ligaments (Cruciate Injuries)
The knee joints of dogs and cats (and of people) are held together by a fibrous joint capsule and a number of ligaments; the most prominent of these are the cruciate ligaments. If an abnormal force is placed on the joint from trauma or from planting the leg wrong on the ground, these ligaments could tear or rupture, leading to instability and pain within the affected knee joint. Acute ruptures or tears involving the cruciate ligaments usually result in a sudden, non-weight-bearing lameness in pets so affected. A diagnosis of torn knee ligaments is made if a veterinarian can demonstrate an obvious laxity within the affected knee joint. Because of the pain involved with such a diagnostic procedure, sedation might be necessary in order to obtain an accurate assessment. Radiographs might be helpful, depending on the duration of the problem. Treatment of this condition involves surgical repair and reconstruction of the torn ligaments in an effort to restore normal knee joint stability. Following surgical repair, disease-modifying osteoarthritis drugs (DMOADs) can be used to speed the healing of any cartilage damaged as a result of the injury.
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Hip Luxation
One common sequela to car accidents and other types of trauma involving dogs and cats is dislocation, or luxation, of one or both hip joints. These pets usually have a non-weight-bearing lameness on the affected leg, and it is quite painful. Diagnosis can be made with a physical examination and radiographic X rays of the hips and pelvis. Treatment usually involves surgical stabilization of the hip joint to restore function and to prevent recurrence. In cats and small dogs, the head of the femur may actually be removed to allow a false joint to form at the site.
Fractures
Most bone fractures in dogs and cats are trauma-related.
Reasons:
1. metabolic disorder
2. cancer educations in bones
3. food osteodystrophy
Clinical signs:
1. lameness
2. pain in the affected bone
3. tumor
4. reduction of the affected.
Diagnosis of a fracture is based on physical exam findings and radiographic X rays.
Treatment depends on the type of fracture and the region involved, and it consists of any combination of cage rest, bandaging or splinting, and surgery to reduce and stabilize the fracture. Also orthopedic pins, screws and plates of a bone are still used.
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Osteomyelitis
Infections involving bony tissue within the body are termed osteomyelitis. Bacterial osteomyelitis in dogs and cats can occur secondary to a deep bite wound or some other type of penetrating trauma. Furthermore, fungal organisms, such as histoplasmosis and blastomycosis, can also spread from other areas of the body via the blood and infect bony tissue in pets. Dogs and cats with osteomyelitis are lame and feverish, and usually feel considerable pain at the affected site. To do this, radiographic X rays should be taken of the suspected skeletal region. In addition, bone biopsies might be necessary to differentiate some cases of osteomyelitis from bone tumors, and to collect samples for bacterial or fungal cultures.Because infections that become embedded in bone can be difficult to clear up with antibiotics alone, surgery is usually needed to actually remove those portions of bone severely affected. Drain tubes are placed as well to allow for postsurgical drainage and flushing of the site with medicated solutions. Following surgery, antibiotic therapy might be required for 1 to 2 months.
Spondylosis Deformans (Dogs)
Spondylosis deformans is a degenerative bone condition that seems to be related to the aging process in some dogs, especially the larger breeds. It is characterized by the development of bony spurs that originate from intervertebral disks and grow to bridge the gap between adjacent vertebrae. These spurs are evident on radiographic X rays. However, in some dogs, pressure and pain originating from these bony growths can cause prominent hind-end weakness and reluctance to move. Unfortunately, there is no cure for spondylosis deformans. Discomfort associated with the condition can be temporarily relieved with anti-inflammatory medication.
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