B) violation of the grammatically fixed word order
- inversion
the displacement of the predicate (complete inversion) or the displacement of secondary members (partial inversion) and their shift into the front, opening position in the sentence.
Up came the file and down sat the editor, with Mr.Pickwick at his side. (Ch.Dickens)
…Calm and quiet below me in the sun and shade lay the old house… (Ch.Dickens)
- rhetorical question
the statement in the form of a question, also presupposes the possible, though not demanded, answer: the positive form of the rhetorical question predicts the negative answer, the negative form – the positive answer. The rhetorical question is used to make speech more emotional, to attract attention.
What courage can withstand the everduring and all besetting terrors of a woman’s tongue? (W.Irving)
Wouldn’t we all do better not trying to understand, accepting the fact that no human being will ever understand another, not a wife a husband, a lover a mistress, nor a parent a child? (G.Greene)
- detachment
secondary members of the sentence acquire independent stress and intonation which leads to their emphatic intensification. The detached members can be isolated from the rest of the sentence by commas, dashes, full stops.
A hawk, serene, flows in the narrowing circles above. (A.Miller)
And he stirred it with his pen – in vain. (K.Mansfield)
I have to beg you for money. Daily! (S.Lewis)
- suspense
a retardation on the level of a sentence or a paragraph – is realized through the separation of predicate from subject or from predicative by the deliberate introduction of a phrase, clause or sentence between them. Graphically it is expressed by commas, dashes, brackets.
All this Mrs.Snagsby, as an injured woman and the friend of Mrs.Chadband, and the follower of Mr.Chadband, and the mourner of the late Mr.Tulkinghorn, is here to certify. (Ch.Dickens)
I have been accused of bad taste. This has disturbed me, not so much for my own sake (since I am used to the slights and arrows of outrageous fortune) as for the sake of criticism in general. (S.Maugham)
“If you had any part – I don’t say what – in this attack,” pursued the boy, “or if you know anything about it – I don’t say how much – or if you know who did it – I go no closer – you did an injury to me that’s never to be forgiven. (Ch.Dickens)
C) reduction
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- ellipsis
the omission of one of the main members of a sentence.
● In the personages’ speech – to reflect the oral norms and create the effect of naturalness and authenticity of the dialogue:
“Our father is dead.”
“I know.”
“How the hell do you know?”
“Station agent told me. How long ago did he die?”
“Bout a month.”
”What of?”
”Pneumonia.”
”Buried here?”
”No. In Washington.” (J.Steinbeck)
● In the author’s speech – to change the tempo of narration and condense its structure:
And we got down at the bridge. White cloudy sky, with mother-of-pearl veins. Pearl rays shooting through, green and blue-white. River roughed by a breeze. White as a new file in the distance. Fishwhite streak on the smooth pin-silver upstream. Shooting new pins. (J.Conrad)
- aposiopesis (breaking speech)
a sudden break in the narration – is a norm of exited oral speech. As an expressive mean it is used to indicate strong emotions paralyzing the character’s speech or a deliberate stop in the utterance to conceal its meaning.
She must leave – or – or, better yet – maybe drown herself – make away with herself in some way – or – that’s all. (Th.Dreiser)
What about the gold bracelet she’d been wearing that afternoon, the bracelet he’d never seen before and which she’d slipped off her wrist the moment she realized he was in the room? Had Steve given her that? And if he had… (P.Quentin)
- asyndeton
a type of syntactical connection that offers no conjunctions or connecting words for this purpose. Asyndeton is used mostly to indicate tense, energetic, organized activities or to show a succession of minute, immediately following each other actions. Opening the story (the passage, the chapter), asyndeton helps to give a laconic and at the same time detailed introduction into the action proper.
The pulsating motion of Malay Camp at night was everywhere. People sang. People cried. People fought. People loved. People hated. Others were sad. Others gay. Others with friends. Others lonely. Some died. Some were born. (P.Abrahams)
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“Well, guess it’s about time to turn in.” He yawned, went out to look at the thermometer, slammed the door, patted her head, unbuttoned his waistcoat, yawned, wound the clock, went to look at the furnace, yawned, and clumped upstairs to bed, casually scratching his thick woolen undershirt. (S.Lewis)
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