Parallelism. Chiasmus
Parallel Constructions
Constructions formed by the same syntactical pattern, closely following one another present the stylistic device of parallelism. Parallelism strongly affects the rhythmical organization of the paragraph, so it is imminent in oratoric speech, in pathetic and emphatic extracts.
Parallelism can be complete when the construction of the second sentence fully copies that of the first one. Or parallelism can be partial, when only the beginning or the end of several sentences are structurally similar.
Reversed parallelism is called chiasmus. In chiasmus the central part of the sentence – the predicate remains the hinge around which occur syntactical changes – the subject of the first sentence becomes the object of the second and vice versa.
e.g. The coach was waiting, the horse were fresh, the roads were good, and the driver was willing.
Chiasmus
Chiasmus or Reversed Parallel Construction belongs to the group of stylistic devices based on the repetition of a syntactical pattern; but it has a cross order of words and phrases.
The jail might have been the infirmary, the infirmary might have been the jail.
Communicative functions. The device of repetition aims at emphasizing a certain component of the utterance. Being repeated, a language unit obtains additional stylistic information. Consecutive contact repetition is capable of rendering scores of modal meanings and human emotions.
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