Phonetic Stylistic Means
Robert Burns
Robert Browning
Percy Bysshe Shelley
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Alliteration is often used in poetry. Robert Burns Robert Burns (25 January 1759, Ayrshire, Scotland, United Kingdom – 21 July 1796, Dumfries, Scotland, United Kingdom) loves this stylistic device.
e. g. O my love is like a red, red rose
That's newly sprung in June;
My love is like the melody
That’s sweetly played in tune.
- “A Red, Red Rose” (1794)
Alliteration produces the fact of euphony (a sense of ease and comfort in pronouncing or hearing) or cacophony (a sense of strain and discomfort in pronouncing or hearing). Example of cacophony: “nor soul helps flesh more, now, than flesh helps soul!” (Robert Browning; 7 May 1812, Camberwell, London, England – 12 December 1889, Venice, Italy).
Onomatopoeia is the use of words whose sounds imitate those of the signified object or action. It may be sounds pronounced by animals, it may be the imitation of other natural sounds.
Rhyme is created by the repetition of the same sounds in the last stressed syllable or two (or even more lines in stanza). According to the type of stressed syllable we distinguish the male rhyme (when the stress falls on the last syllable in the stressed lines) and the female rhyme (when the stress falls on the last but one syllable. Percy Bysshe Shelley (4 August 1792, Field Place, Horsham, Sussex, England – 8 July 1822, Lerici, Kingdom of Sardinia (now Italy)):
e. g. When the lamp is shattered (female rhyme)
The light in the dust lies dead (male rhyme).
Rhyme is also subdivided into the following groups: paired rhymes, alternative rhymes and inclosing rhymes. There is also the so-called eye-rhyme, i. e. the elements are similar only in spelling, but not in pronunciation (find – wind).
Rhythm is the alternation of similar or even identical elements at equal periods. In poetic speech it is produced by regular alternation of both stressed and unstressed syllables.
A division of a poetic line from stress to stress which contains one stressed and one or two unstressed syllable is called a foot. The foot is the main unit of rhythm in poetic speech.
Samuel Taylor Coleridge
Frederic Ogden Nash
William Makepeace Thackeray
Harry Sinclair Lewis
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1) trochee (it consists of two syllables, the first of which is stressed and the second – unstressed): Peter, Peter, pumpkin-eater;
2) iambus (it consists of two syllables, the first of which is unstressed and the second – stressed): And then my love and I shall pace (Samuel Taylor Coleridge; 21 October 1772, Ottery St. Mary, Devon, England – 25 July 1834, Highgate, England);
3) dactyl (it consists of three syllables, the first of which is stressed and the other two are unstressed); why do you cry, Willy?;
4) amphibrach (it consists of three syllables with the stress on the second one): a diller, a dollar, a ten o’clock scholar;
5) anapest (it consists of three syllables with the stress on the last one): said the fly: “Let us flee!” (A Flea and a Fly in a Flue by Frederic Ogden Nash; August 19, 1902, Rye, New York – May 19, 1971, Baltimore, Maryland).
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