Classification of Stylistic Devices and Expressive Means
The Inventory of Stylistic Devices and Expressive Means
Expressive means of any language are those linguistic forms and properties that have the potential to make the utterance emphatic and expressive (Т. А. Знаменская). These can be phonetic, morphological, lexical or syntactical. In other words, expressive means are those phonetic, morphological, syntactical or lexical forms which exist in any language as a system for the purpose of logical and emotional intensification of the utterance. For example, to phonetic expressive means we can refer pauses and logical stress, to morphological expressive means we can refer diminutive suffixes (doggy instead of dog), to lexical expressive means we can refer words of purely emotive meaning (wow!), words with clearly felt connotative meaning (awful, lovely), words marked by stylistic reference (such as jargonisms and slang). To syntactic expressive means we can refer mostly peculiar constructions (also called emphatic), for example, I do understand you.
Stylistic devices are abstract patterns of the language which are filled with a definite content when used in speech. Expressive means are concrete facts of the language that are used in speech as such with the expressive power normatively fixed in speech.
Classification of Stylistic Devices and Expressive Means
Professor Galperin’s classification:
1) phonetic stylistic devices and expressive means (such as alternation, rhyme, rhythm);
2) lexical stylistic devices and expressive means (metaphor, metonymy, irony, epithet, simile, hyperbole, pun, allusion, zeugma, oxymoron);
3) syntactical stylistic devices and expressive means:
a) a specific arrangement of members of a sentence (inversion, detached constructions, climax, anticlimax);
b) usage of syntactical constructions in a new meaning (rhetorical question);
c) occurrence of syntactically identical of similar sequences (parallel constructions);
d) omission of relevant elements (ellipsis);
e) introductions of redundant elements;
f) represented speech.
Another classification was suggested by Vladimir Gurevich (Валерий Владимирович Гуревич). It is based on three groups:
1) stylistic devices making use of the language units (figures of speech: metaphor, metonymy, simile, oxymoron, hyperbole, epithet, euphemism, rhetorical question and irony);
2) stylistic devices making use of the structure of language unity (repetition, inversion, ellipsis, break-in-the-narrative and represented speech);
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3) phonetic stylistic devices and expressive means (alliteration, rhyme, rhythm).
Professor Skrebnev’s classification, as different from those mentioned above, is not level-oriented. He created a new method of the hierarchical arrangement of the material. Firstly, he subdivided stylistics into paradigmatic stylistics (stylistics of units) and syntagmatic stylistics (stylistics of sequence). Then he explored the levels of the language and regarded all stylistically relevant phenomena according to this level principal in both paradigmatic and syntagmatic stylistics. He also added the level of semasiology to the known four levels, i. e. morphology, lexicology, phonology and syntax. According to professor Skrebnev, the relations between these levels and two aspects of stylistic analysis is bilateral. The same linguistic material of these levels provides stylistic features studied by paradigmatic and syntagmatic stylistics. The difference lies in its different arrangements.
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