Особенности композиции (Composition)



Сюжет (plot) рассказа, данная в нем последовательность событий, представлены в произведении в форме определенной композиции. Обычные ее элементы таковы: экспозиция (exposition), завязка (narrative hook), развитие сюжета (rising action (complications)), кульминация climax (ladder), развязка denouement [deɪ'nuːmɔŋ] (resolution).

В экспозиции автор представляет читателю персонажей, вводит в сюжет, сообщает о времени и месте действия.

Завязка – это момент, когда автор обрисовывает основной конфликт произведения и захватывает внимание читателя проблемой его разрешения.

В ходе развития сюжета конфликт усложняется.

Кульминация – поворотный момент сюжета, высшая точка интереса и эмоционального напряжения читателя.

    Развязка – окончательное разрешение сюжетных коллизий.

 

Необходимо также заметить, что внутри сюжета события не всегда даются в хронологической последовательности. В современной литературе довольно часто используются такие нарушения временной последовательности событий, как возвращение к событиям прошлого (flashback) и показ читателю будущих событий (foreshadowing). Яркий пример использования первого из указанных приемов – рассказ ‘Lady’s maid’ (см. раздел «Смысл заглавия»). Прием заглядывания в будущее героев встречается реже, но он используется, например, в начале романа ‘To kill a mockingbird’, где сразу сообщается, что в результате травмы левая рука Джима была короче правой. А о самих событиях, приведших к травме, рассказывается только в конце произведения.

Саспенс», напряжение неизвестности (Suspense)

Писатели, особенно писатели детективного жанра, довольно часто прибегают к приему «саспенс», который заключается в том, что на протяжении долгого времени (вплоть до кульминации или даже развязки) читатель не знает истинного положения вещей. С помощью намеков и столкновения разных точек зрения автор держит в напряжении, и интерес попавшего в такое «подвешенное состояние» читателя оказывается крепко прикован к произведению.

«News of the engagement» - рассказ отнюдь не детективный, и скрываемая автором правда не драматична. Напротив, она даже приятна для повествователя, чья неосведомленность о жизни матери и приводит к ситуации долгой непроясненности. Филипп пытается понять, почему так необычно взволнованна мать, почему ужин накрыт на троих, почему к ним присоединился старый друг семьи Никсон. Несомненно, ситуация проясняется для читателя гораздо раньше, чем для персонажа. Мы начинаем догадываться, что «новости о помолвке», заявленные в названии, возможно, связаны не только с изменениями в жизни Филиппа. И в данном случае цель «саспенса», в отличие от детективной истории, - не столько пощекотать нервы читателя, сколько правдоподобно дать почувствовать, как тяжело наше мышления, склонное к эгоцентризму, освобождается от удобного для нас взгляда на ситуацию.

 

News of the engagement by Arnold Bennett

My mother never came to meet me at Bursley station when I arrived in the Five Towns 1 from London; much less did she come as far as Knype station, which is the great traffic centre of the district, the point at which one changes from the express into the local train. She had always other things to do; she was ‘preparing’ for me. So I had the little journey from Knype to Bursley, and then the walk up Trafalgar Road all by myself. And there was leisure to consider anew how I should break to my mother the tremendous news I had for her. I had been considering that question ever since getting into the train at Euston2, where I had said good-bye to Agnes; but in the atmosphere of the Five Towns it seemed just slightly more difficult.

You see, I wrote to my mother regularly every week, telling her most of my doings. She knew all my friends by name. Thus I had frequently mentioned Agnes and her family in my letters. But you can't write even to your mother and say in cold blood3: T think I am beginning to fall in love with Agnes', T feel certain she likes me', T shall propose to her on such a day'. Hence it had come about that on the 20th of December I had proposed to Agnes and been accepted by Agnes, and my mother had no suspicion that my happiness was so near. And on the 22nd, by a previous and unalterable arrangement, I had come to spend Christmas with my mother.

I was the only son of a widow; I was all my mother had. And lo! I had gone and engaged myself to a girl she had never seen, and I had kept her in the dark! She would certainly be extremely surprised, and she might be a little bit hurt - just at first. Anyhow, the situation was the least in the world delicate.

I walked up the whitened front steps of my mother's little house, just opposite where the electric cars stop, but before I could put my hand on the bell my little plump mother, in her black silk and her gold brooch and her auburn hair, opened to me, having doubtless watched me down the road from the bay-window, as usual.

I perceived instantly that she was more excited than my arrival ordinarily made her. There were tears in her smiling eyes, and she was as nervous as a young girl. She did indeed look remarkably young for a woman of forty-five, with twenty-five years of widowhood and a brief but too tempestuous married life behind her.

The thought flashed across my mind: 'By some means or other she has got wind of my engagement. But how?’

But I said nothing. I, too, was naturally rather nervous. Mothers are kittle cattle4.

‘I’ll tell her at supper,' I decided.

And she hovered round me, like a sea-gull round a steamer, as I went upstairs.

There was a ring at the door. She flew, instead of letting the servant go. It was a porter with my bag.

After that my mother disappeared into the kitchen to worry an entirely capable servant. And I roamed about, feeling happily excited, examining the drawing-room, in which nothing was changed. Then I wandered into the dining-room, a small room at the back of the house, and here an immense surprise awaited me. Supper was set for three!

'Well,' I reflected. ‘Here’s a nice state of affairs! Supper for three, and she hasn’t breathed a word!'

My mother was so clever in social matters, and especially in the planning of delicious surprises, that I believed her capable even of miracles. In some way or other she must have discovered the state of my desires towards Agnes. She had written, or something. She and Agnes had been plotting together by letter to startle me, and perhaps telegraphing. Agnes had fibbed in telling me that she could not possibly come to Bursley for Christmas; she had delightfully fibbed. And my mother had got her concealed somewhere in the house, or was momentarily expecting her. That explained the tears, the nervousness, the rushes to the door.

I crept out of the dining-room, determined not to let my mother know that I had secretly viewed the supper-table. And as I was crossing the lobby to the drawing-room there was another ring at the door, and my mother rushed out of the kitchen.

 ‘By Jove!' I thought. ‘Suppose it's Agnes. What a scene!' And trembling with expectation I opened the door. It was Mr Nixon.

Now, Mr Nixon was an old friend of the family's, a man of forty-nine or fifty, with a reputation for shrewdness and increasing wealth. He owned a hundred and seventy-five cottages in the town, having bought them gradually in half-dozens; he collected the rents himself, and attended to the repairs himself, and was celebrated as a good landlord. He was my mother’s trustee, and had morally aided her in the troublous times before my father’s early death.

'Well, young man,' cried he. ‘So you're back in owd Bosley!! It amused him to speak the dialect a little occasionally. And he brought his burly, powerful form into the lobby.

I greeted him as jovially as I could, and then he shook hands with my mother, neither of them speaking. 'Mr. Nixon is come for supper, Philip,' said my mother.

I, liked Mr. Nixon, but I was not too well pleased by this information, for I wanted to talk confidentially to my mother. I had a task before me with my mother, and here Mr. Nixon was plunging into the supper. I could not break it gently to my mother that I was engaged to a strange young woman in the presence of Mr Nixon. Mr. Nixon had been in to supper several times during previous visits of mine, but never on the first night.

However, I had to make the best of it. And we sat down and began on the ham, the sausages, the eggs, the crumpets, the toast, the jams, the mince-tarts, the Stilton, and the celery. But we none of us ate very much, despite my little plump mother's protestations.

My suspicion was that perhaps something had gone slightly wrong with my mother's affairs, and that Mr. Nixon was taking the first opportunity to explain things to me. But such a possibility did not interest me, for I could easily afford to keep my mother and a wife too. I was still preoccupied in my engagement and I began to compose the words in which, immediately on the departure of Mr Nixon after supper, I would tackle my mother on the subject.

When we had reached the Stilton and celery, I intimated that I must walk down to the post-office, as I had to dispatch a letter.

'Won't it do tomorrow, my pet?' asked my mother.

'It will not,' I said.

Imagine leaving Agnes two days without news of my safe arrival and without assurances of my love! I had started writing the letter in the train and I finished it in the drawing-room.

I went forth, bought a picture postcard showing St Luke's Square, Bursley, most untruthfully picturesque, and posted the card and the letter to my darling Agnes. I hoped that Mr. Nixon would have departed ere my return; he had made no reference at all during supper to my mother's affairs. But he had not departed. I found him solitary in the drawing-room, smoking a very fine cigar.

'Where's the mater?' I demanded.

'She's just gone out of the room,' he said. ‘Come and sit down. Have a weed. I want a bit of a chat with you, Philip.' I obeyed, taking one of the very fine cigars.

'Well, Uncle Nixon,' I encouraged him, wishing to get the chat over because my mind was full of Agnes. I sometimes called him uncle for fun.

'Well, my boy,' he began. ‘It's no use me beating about the bush. What do you think of me as a stepfather?' I was struck, as they say down there, all of a heap.

'What?' I stammered. ‘You don't mean to say - you and mother - ?'

He nodded.

'Yes, I do, lad. Yesterday she promised as she'd marry my unworthy self. It's been coming along for some time. But I don't expect she's given you any hint in her letters. In fact, I know she hasn't. It would have been rather difficult, wouldn't it? She couldn't well have written, "My dear Philip, an old friend, Mr Nixon, is falling in love with me and I believe I'm falling in love with him. One of these days he'll be proposing to me." She couldn't have written like that, could she?'

I laughed. I could not help it.

'Shake hands,' I said warmly. 'I'm delighted.' And soon afterwards my mother sidled in, shyly.

'The lad's delighted, Sarah,' said Mr Nixon shortly.

I said nothing about my own engagement that night. I had never thought of my mother as a woman with a future. I had never realized that she was desirable, and that a man might desire her, and that her lonely existence in that house was not all that she had the right to demand from life. And I was ashamed of my characteristic filial selfish egoism. So I decided that I would not intrude my joy on hers until the next morning. We live and learn.

 


Дата добавления: 2018-02-15; просмотров: 1041; Мы поможем в написании вашей работы!

Поделиться с друзьями:






Мы поможем в написании ваших работ!