Time and its dependence on the speed of space and on the speed of a body in space.
The scheme of the universe
It is impossible to understand what the universe is about without gathering all the information accumulated by human race.
1. One of the most important assets we have is the Einstein’s mass–energy equivalence formula: Е = mc2. But I will use this formula without its quantitative component, without mass. E = C2.
2. Let’s also use the Einstein’s statement that nothing can travel faster than the speed of light as a basis.
3. What Einstein said next is that the speed of light is constant and invariable at all points in space.
4. Time is a variable category and depends on the curvatureof space.
5. The faster an object travels, the more slowly time passes for that object.
6. Universe is expanding with certain speed i.e. there is no certain center, but everything is moving away from everything.
7. The speed of Earth’s rotation is slowing down.
8. The prototype kilogram mass standard (IPK) is getting lighter.
9. The axis of the Solar system lies in the axis of Sun’s rotation, and the planets are all on the same plane. The same is true for galaxies.
10. The existence of black holes absorbing light. The impact gravity has on light.
11. The invisible connection between stars and galaxies separated by great distances which move in synchronized fashion.
12. Scientists suggest the existence of the Great Attractor.
13. The chemical composition of the universe is dominated by hydrogen
14. Magnetic fields on planets and stars.
15. Supernova explosions, the Big Bang and the evolution of matter.
16. The nature of electric current.
17. Gravity.
It may not be the full list of information possessed my mankind but there is a question: is there any relation between these, seemingly different phenomena and is it possible to find something that connects them all?
It appears that such explanation exists.
Supposing the universe is not the same everywhere and one part of space is different from another, what could be taken as the basis of such difference? Following the example of matter, it could be energy. How can one estimate the energy of space? The energy of space can be estimated by its speed.
If we assume that space moves and has the same properties as speed, what it can explain from listed above is:
9,10,11 and 17 may have a direct connection with the speed of space and find there their explanation.
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- section 9. Cosmic motion explains coaxiality of rotation of the sun and planets and the planets location on the same plane and all the rest.
- section 10. If we assume that the speed of space, moving toward a black hole is equal to the speed of light, it will explain why light cannot escape its gravity. Similarly, cosmic motion explains why gravity affects light.
- section 11. Cosmic motion explains the relation of distant objects as well, as they are located in the same moving space, and their connection is occurred via its movement.
- section 17. Cosmic motion can explain the nature of gravity as well.
Let’s try to draw a graph diagram of space velocities. Let’s assume that space, similarly to the Solar System and the galaxy move in a circular orbit. And in the scheme of the speeds we’ll set the maximum achievable speed of space in the periphery and in the center we’ll equate it to zero, i.e. assume that such object as a black hole is our universe, just its exterior view.
Fig.1 – the graph of space velocities
A black hole is a space wave with maximum achievable energy and speed. It has no surface and mass. From the outside it has only its cross dimension, diameter and from the inside it is infinitely large. This space wave is constantly moving and its diameter is constantly growing. Any kind of matter and any area of space in the universe will inevitably go through the black hole’s event horizon.
How can we use this graph to understand where the point we are at could be? Let’s try to understand the energy of space through gravity. What is gravity? It is interaction of matter and space on energy level. Let’s assume that the energy of space is equal to the energy of matter. What will we see? We will see that the bodies acceleration in that case will approach the body velocity in space, i.e. a body in such space will take the velocity of the given space. Let’s model a reverse situation: the energy of space will be equal to zero.
In this case, the body acceleration in space will also approach zero, i.e. a body in such space won’t react to the speed of space. On this ground we can assume that gravity is some kind of a coefficient connecting these two energies. Let’s try to write the formula of gravity:
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А = ∆V т / T, where
A – standard acceleration of a free-falling object
∆V т – a body's velocity
Т – coefficient showing the relation of the energy of matter and the energy of space
If the formula is correct, we can calculate the coefficient of relation between the two energies using the formula of gravity.
On our planet the acceleration is 9.81 m/s2 – it is a measured value and it is relatively accurate. However, I can take only a predicted value – the escape velocity from Earth’s surface11,200 m/s. What is its accuracy degree I don’t know. In the future, a device should be built for gauging this velocity.
Let’s calculate the coefficient T = 11,200 / 9.81 = 1141.69 s
I would like to make an assumption that this coefficient is time.
Knowing that time is just a coefficient of energies relation, it is easy to calculate both the energy of space that surrounds us and the total speed of space.
T = Em / Es = С 2 / Vs2
Es = Vs2 = С 2 / T This is the formula of energy of space, and as we can see, time as energetic coefficient, plays the main part in the calculation of energy.
Es = 9 х 1016 / 1141.69 = 0.7882 х 1014
Let’s write the formula of space velocity:
Vs = С / √T
Vs = 3 х 108 / √1141.69 = 3 х 108 / 33.79 = 8.878 х 106 м/ s = 8,878 km / s
This is the formula of the speed of space and as we can see the coefficient of deceleration in relation to the speed of light plays here the main part. What is more, this coefficient speaks for the misperception of speed as such.
The formula also indicates that the speed of light at every point of space is always equal to the speed of space itself and for the inside observer is equal to the speed of light 300,000 km/s
Let’s examine two points on the graph of velocities in the universe. Point A – is the point with the maximum achievable speed of space and the maximum achievable speed of light. The speed of space and the speed of light in this point are 300,000 km/s. The distance at this point is equal to 1. Time in this point is also equal to 1 and energy is equal to:
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Es = Vs2 = С 2 / T = С 2 = Em
Thus, the energy of space at this point is equal to the energy of matter itself. According to the Einstein’s statement, if an observer were at this point, they would be able to see that the speed of light is 300,000 km/s. Let’s take the space properties at this point as the basis; the reference frame.
Next point is point B. At this point the speed of space and the speed of light, became twice as low at 150,000 km/s. The energy of space, accordingly, became four times as low and time became equal to 4 seconds.
And here, the first contradiction occurs:
We say that the speed of light is 150,000 km/s and the inside observer says that it is 300,000 km/s. Let’s try to figure it out.
150,000 km/s is the speed without error, concerning space as well as time, it is the speed in the reference frame that we have accepted. It is the speed attached to the properties of point A.
300,000 (for the inside observer) – is the speed with error of time and space, because as we stated above, the flow of time is four times faster and four seconds pass instead of one.
Let’s take speed to the frame of reference of point A.
300 х 4 = 1,200K km/s – is the speed only curvature of space has, and time we have brought into synch. As a result 150,000 km corresponds to 1,200,000 km. That means space has expanded eight times in distance, i.e. on every axis of the reference frame.
This impact explains the nature of expanding of the universe. The speed of space in the universe is dropping (√T – is the coefficient of changing of speed), space energy is dropping as well С 2 /T, and T – time and the coefficient of the energy drop is growing and the distance (X,Y,Z) is growing. T√T – is the coefficient of the distance change.
Human beings cannot see the size of space and, therefore cannot estimate it, but they can see planets, stars, galaxies, and they, in their turn, are quite firmly attached to the space coordinates so using those marks we watch the space expansion, which we take for the matter dispersion. This property of space provides understanding of the scientists’ debate on the size of the universe. There is an opinion that the universe is finite and there is one that it is infinite. Both could be right; it all depends only on where the observer is. If they are inside the system, they cannot measure its size, because for them, as the inside observers, the axis will be increasing in the three-dimensional way, depending on the coefficient of deceleration of the speed of space.
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At the speed of space of one meter per second, space deforms on each axis in 2.7x1025 times i.e. it is impossible to measure the universe through its center as it is infinitely large. The trick is that the outside observer cannot see these deformations and for them the universe is finite and has a certain, and, what is more, rather small size. An example of this is estimating of size of black holes. We perceive these objects as measurable, even though they are very large. However, we should not forget, that we, as the outside observer, look at the area of space of a black hole from the stretched space estimating the compressed space from the stretched one. In this case, our error is of several degrees, because before measuring a black hole, it is necessary to stretch the size of the observed black hole or clip ours to the size of the black hole.
The deformation of our space is calculated easily:
T = 1141.69
T√T = 38,576
Thus, to size the cross dimension of a black hole against our space, we need to multiply the visible size by the coefficient of deformation 38,576. Then we will understand how enormous these objects are. These are the biggest objects in the universe, and they are also universes of the lower level, and they are also infinite for inside observers. There is also this paradox: physicists manage to measure black holes in kilograms (the amount of solar mass).
Mass
Mass, inertial mass – is a variable quantity, characterizing the interaction of the energy of matter and the energy of environment. On Earth, it is believed that the mass of matter is the denominator of the quantity of matter. If we are in the reference frame called Earth, i.e. we are not travelling in space and not changing the energy of the environment, one can agree with some restrictions. The energy of space surrounding us is declining and, accordingly, the standard kilogram’s mass is decreasing. Thus, even in this case, it is not constant. And if we start measuring everything that surrounds us in kilograms, we should know the energy at the point where the object of study is.
To obtain a more precise instrument to measure the amount of matter, we could use such notion as mass but this standard should be precisely linked to the energy of space. In his case, this instrument will work almost in every reference frame, except microcosm and various devices, changing the energy of environment. What do we know of microcosm? Let’s take an atom of hydrogen. We know that it consists of a positively charged proton and a negatively charged electron. What exactly their charge is we do not know. We do not know their mass, or, to be more accurate, their resistance to energy of environment. And here a question arises – what are their particles like? Watching the universe, one can come to an interesting conclusion, that there are only two kinds of 3D vortexes: the ascending (one in which the speed of space is increases as it is nearing its center) and the ascending-descending one (in which the speed of space nearing the center first increases until it reaches its limit (the speed of light) and then goes down to zero). An example of ascending vortices can be all the planets and stars in the universe, and an example of ascending-descending vortices can be black holes and our universe. We also know, considering the above, the coefficient of space compression (for the area of our space) in matter:
T√T = 38,576 – is the coefficient of changing the frame of reference for our space.
(T√T)3 = (38,576)3 = 0.576 х 1014 – is the coefficient of the volume change of our space.
Thus, roughly, one cubic meter of hydrogen contains 0.576 х 1014 m3 of space or 57,600 km3. Converted into grams, if we assume that one cubic meter of hydrogen weighs a hundred grams, we have:
1 gram of matter = 576 km 3 of space with energy 0.7882 х 10 14
We live in the world in which the energy of space is constantly decreasing and, accordingly, the amount of space in a gram of matter is constantly increasing. If we learn how to extract this energy, we will get an extremely strong light input and 576 км3 of space from each gram of matter.
In macrocosm, the dependence of length on speed has already been described above and we have even written the formula of this dependence. There’s one thing though – in macrocosm the waves that we observe are mobile but in microcosm they are immobile.
A proton could be imagined as an ascending space vortex with energy С 2 in its center.
An electron could be imagined as ascending-descending immobile space vortex with zero energy in its center and with energy equal С 2 at its peak.
Joining these two immobile space waves we obtain the scheme of matter structure. It appears that the nature of gravity and the nature of electric charge are the same – it is nothing else but deformation of energetic field of space, only, in case of gravity it is mobile waves, and, in case of electricity, it is immovable waves.
There is a certain law, which won’t let space reach the speed equal to the speed of light, and, accordingly, the corresponding energy, to maintain this speed and energy, almost under any conditions.
In macrocosm, this law allows black holes to appear, and in microcosm, it allows electrons and protons to appear. If, at a particle birth, the speed of space has not reached the speed of light, this particle disappears. The same happens in macrocosm, a star grows and gathers mass. As for a black hole to appear, it should meet two conditions: 1. The speed of space moving toward a star, should reach the speed of light. 2. The energy of space should reach С 2.
If these two conditions are met simultaneously, a black hole appears. If the second condition is met, but the first one is not, a supernova is born. Thus, the space wave that was growing along with the star, declines after the explosion. The в division of two spaces does not occur, a steady and maximum possible wave on the space field due to the fact that the energy of space, where the star had been, was too great and it didn’t let space to achieve the necessary speed.
Matter
The definition of matter could be given on the assumption of the basic parameters, which it should possess.
An object could be called matter, as long as it has three main, defining properties:
1. The energy of matter should be equal С 2.
2. Matter only marginally warps the energetic field of space.
3. Relative resistance to matter and space motion, or acceleration of gravity on Earth should be 9.81 м/s2
Let’s try to analyze what could meet this definition.
The whole Mendeleyev’s periodic table meets this definition. The question is, if protons, electrons and photons do? Let’s start with protons.
A proton has the energy of matter in its center but it greatly increases the energy of its environment. As it occurs, it could be expected that the quantitative estimation, i.e. its mass could be overstated and incorrect. I do not have any information of the acceleration of proton gravity.
What could be said of an electron? In the center of this vortex, the energy of space approaches zero, and an electron, accordingly, also greatly disrupts the energy of space field, and, accordingly, its mass estimation could be greatly understated.
Photon cannot be considered matter as it does not affect the environment in any way whatsoever. Photon is a straight space wave, which, at its peak has the energy of matter, and the speed of this wave’s motion depends on the energy of the space field it is spreading across. At the zero energy of the space field, the speed of a photon approaches zero (in the reference frame of point A) and the speed of photon, due to some reason, is in phase with the speed of space itself, and the speed of space is the restriction or the limit for the photon.
Let’s describe the nature of gravity origin of large celestial bodies, on stars and planets.
One of the main properties of matter, as it was stated above, is a very mild exposure to the energetic field of space. What does it mean? It means that every atom of matter in close proximity with itself disperses space in a minor way, dragging it into a vortex motion. It is extremely negligible on its own and therefore greatly depends on the size of the object. The large objects’ interaction of that kind gets summarized. According to some kind of law, space first transforms into protons and electrons, and only then, under the influence of electrical powers of gravity, matter appears. As it was stated above, Earth is an ascending space vortex, and in accordance with its law, its speed grows when approaching the center. On that basis, one can state that the Earth inner core rotates much faster and contains a vast amount of unbound protons and electrons i.e. we have very large current vortices inside Earth which leads to magnetism.
It also becomes clear why currents of the oceans act in a certain way and why the main direction of the air masses movement goes from west to east.
On the basis of said above, one can make a conclusion that matter and Earth, in particular, is growing. It is even possible to calculate this growth as of today.
The coefficient of space close-packing.
1 gram of matter = 576 км 3 of space with energy 0.7882 х 1014.
The speed of space toward Earth is the earth escape 11.2 км/s
The surface area of Earth – 510 mn. km2
510 х 11.2 = 5,712 mn km3/s
Let’s divide the acquired value in 576 км3/gram
5,712 mn km3/s / 576 km3/gram = 10 ton/s
This simple calculation shows that our planet is gaining mass at the speed of 10 tons per second. That is the speed at which hydrogen emerges on Earth. There must be vast amounts of hydrogen in the depths of Earth.
Stars also grow. What does the speed of growth depend on?
The speed of growth depends only on the energy of space surrounding a star. One can make a wrong conclusion that when the energy of space approaches zero the growth of stars stops. It is a misconception, as a star dispersing space raises its energy. And in that case, if the energy of space equals zero, everything depends on the size of the star.
Assuming that the Sun with its small size is put into a space with zero energy, it will sputter out, die and turn into a planet as it will lack energy for shining. The area with low space energy could be called the zone of black holes’ birth or the cradle of new universes. Where that boundary precisely lies is hard to tell, but it is certainly an area with low space energy.
There is also an area of active star formation. The boundary of this area is also blurry and lies somewhere where T is between 1 and 4
Matter in universe is located, at the very minimum twice in the area of active star formation: in the expanding universe, when timeТis increasing and the energy of space is decreasing accordingly (as of today) and in the compressed universe, when time Т is decreasing and, accordingly, the energy of space is growing (as it will certainly be happening in the future).
Time and its dependence on the speed of space and on the speed of a body in space.
Einstein stated that the two properties that change for a body traveling in space are: 1. The deceleration of the speed of time flow and 2. The body’s size, correspondent with the peed vector decreases.
As to point one, it has long been experimentally confirmed, but the deceleration nature still remains unclear.
As of today, we use the Lorentz transformation, which describes the given process somehow:
∆t = ∆t0 / √ (1 – V2/C2) - the Lorentz transformation for time.
L = L0 x √ (1 – V2/C2) - the Lorentz transformation for length.
I would like to stress that the Lorentz transformation for a moving body in space could be viewed only for time, but it is a misconception when viewed for length. However, when we talk about moving space and not a body, both of these formulations are correct to some extent.
Let’s try to write a formulation demonstrating the change of time for a moving body from the point of view of physics.
Knowing the formula of time and what this value’s changes depend on, we can write:
T2 = Em / Es = С 2 / ( С 2 / Т 1 + V т 2 / Т 1 ) – is the formula of time changes for a body travelling in space, where:
С 2 – is the energy of space in point A
С 2 / Т 1 – the energy of space in a place where a moving body is located, where Т 1 – is the time of given space.
V т 2 / Т 1 – is the value of the energy increase that a body receives due to its movement, where Т 1 – is the time of the given space (it does not change with the body movement).
Let’s write this formula as a coefficient, as in the Lorentz transformations:
К = ( С 2 / Т 1 + V т 2 / Т 1 ) / С 2 / Т 1
Let’s try to imagine the same value of the body speed in space and compare the result. Let’s make V = 10 000 m/s
∆t = ∆t0 / √ (1 – V2/C2) = 1 / √ (1 – 108 / 9 х 1016) = 1 / √1 – 1.11 х 10-9 = 1.000000000555
К = (С2/Т1 + Vт2/Т1) / С2/Т1 = (0.7882 х 1014 + 108 / 1141.69) / 0.7882 х 1014 = (78,820,000,000,000 + 87,589) / 78,820,000,000,000 = 1.000000001111
For small values of a body velocity in space, the value of coefficients of time’s deceleration turned out to be very close. Let’s take a look which values will occur at the maximum speed of a body equal to the speed of light:
∆t = ∆t0 / √ (1 – V2/C2) = ∆t = ∆t0 / √ (1 – С2/C2) = ∞
К = (С2/Т1 + Vт2/Т1) / С2/Т1 = (С2/Т1 + С2/Т1) / С2/Т1 = 2
As for the maximum value of speed, the values of time’s deceleration are very different. According to Lorentz, for a body moving at the speed of light, time will virtually stop when in reality it only gets twice as slow.
Let’s write the formula of time’s deceleration for the speed of space (or as they say now for the gravitational deceleration of time).
T2 = Em / Es = С 2 / ( С 2 / Т 1 ± Vs2/ Т 2 ) – is the formula for calculation of gravitational deceleration (acceleration of time) of time. There are only two differences in these formulas. The first is that time can decelerate as well as accelerate and the second is that Т2 in its formula stands as a target value and as a value participating in the calculations. As it turns out, without the calculations of time, we cannot say how the speed of space influences energy. Let’s also write this formula through the coefficient, as in the first case.
К = ( С 2 / Т 1 + V т 2 / Т 2 ) / С 2 / Т 1
Let’s assume that we are on the event horizon and put the speed of space value into the formula to find out to what extent will time decelerate. And as we wrote above and already accepted that in point A coordinates time Т 2 = 1:
К = (С2/Т1 + V T 2 /Т2) / С2/Т1 = (С2/Т1 + С2/1) / С2/Т1 = (С2/Т1 + С2) / С2/Т1 = С2 / С2/Т1 = Т = 1,141 times
It appears that the maximum possible deceleration of time – is 1,141 times. However, the acquired value differs greatly from infinity, as according to the Lorentz formula.
Space
Space is the energetic base for other kinds of energy: 1. Matter 2. Light 3. Life. So, I have listed all kinds of energy, and there are only four of them: space, matter, light and life. Yes, life is just a form of energy. All these energies can transform into one another. Let’s discuss space.
Until now, space had been described as four-dimensional – length, width, height and time.
Einstein stated that space has curvature and he was right, but he never described that curvature. As we stated above, time is a certain coefficient demonstrating the energy of space and this time depends only on the speed of that space.
If we take time at its end point, where the speed of space is maximum and is equal to the speed of light, set as 1, then the interval of this coefficient will be within the range from 1 to infinity.
We have also written above about the axes of reference and taken the value of length, width and height as set to 1 for point A, where the speed of space is equal to the speed of light. The variations of this value lie also within the range from 1 to infinity.
However, inexplicably, everybody forgets about the most important property of space, about the property, that affects and predetermines all the others as their primary cause. It is the speed of space itself. In the reference frame we accepted, the speed of space at point A has the value of 300,000 km/s. The variations of this value lie within the range from 300,000 km/s to 0.
The fifth property of space is the speed of light. The speed of light is always in phase with the speed of space and, is, in fact, the indicator of the speed of space itself.
Thus, we have the complete variant of the Einstein’s Relativity Theory. For the sake of convenience, we may put the data into a chart:
| Dimension | Unified reference frame Point А | Unified reference frame for our part of spa ce | The reference frame of the inside observer for our part of space |
| Axis X | X = 1 | X / (T x √T) X / 38541 | Х |
| Axis Y | Y = 1 | Y / (T x √T) Y / 38541 | Y |
| Axis Z | Z = 1 | Z / (T x √T) Z / 38541 | Z |
| Time T | T = 1 | T = 1141 T1 / T T1 / 1141 | T1 ( time interval ) |
| The speed of light Vc | 300 000 k m /s | 300 000 / √T 8878 km / s | Constanta For us 300,000 km/s |
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