Тексты для тренировочного перевода (к разделу 2)
Тексты для тренировочного перевода (к разделу 1)
1. Muscle is the most abundant tissue in the body: it accounts for some two fifths of the body weight. Even at rest a muscle is not completely flabby. Continuous
activity of the nerve cells maintains a slight tension or tone, which causes no
movement. Several hereditary diseases affect the growth and function of muscles.
Мышцы являются самой распространенной/многочисленной тканью в организме/теле: на них приходится около двух пятых массы тела/веса тела. Даже в состоянии покоя мышца не является полностью дряблой. Непрерывная активность нервных клеток поддерживает небольшое напряжение или тонус, что не вызывает никаких движений. Несколько наследственных заболеваний влияют на рост и функцию мышц.
2. The two principal layers of the skin are the dermis with a rich network of blood
vessels and nerves, and the epidermis, a protective outer layer without blood
vessels. The skin is more than a waterproof jacket for the body. It is an active and versatile organ of sensation and of adaptation to the environment.
3.
Connective tissues create the internal framework of the body. The connective
tissue system supports and connects internal organs, forms bones and the walls
of blood vessels, attaches muscles to bones, and replaces tissues of other types
after injury. Fasciae are connective tissue layers that support and surround organs. A layer of fascia is an effective barrier against the spread of infection through the tissues.
4.
The spleen is a fibrous sponge full of blood and lymphoid tissue. The ribs and
diaphragm generally protect the spleen from injury. It is an important element of the reticulo-endothelial system, a community of cells that engulf and destroy
foreign matter, such as bacteria. When micro-organisms and their poisons are
circulating in the blood, the spleen generally enlarges.
5.
Man has two kidneys, one at each side of the backbone between the thick muscles of the back and the abdomen. The kidney has several functions. It excretes waste material and water. It also helps to regulate the acidity of the body fluids. The discovery of albumin in the urine usually indicates a faulty working of the kidneys.
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У человека две почки, по одной с каждой стороны позвоночника, между толстыми мышцами спины и живота. Почка выполняет несколько функций. Он выводит отходы и воду. Это также помогает регулировать кислотность жидкостей организма. Обнаружение альбумина в моче обычно указывает на неправильную работу почек.
6.
Proteins are essential ingredients of all living matter. They make up about 12 per cent of the weight of the human body. A molecule of protein is a chain of several hundred amino-acid molecules. The biological properties of a protein depend on the exact sequence of different amino-acids in the chain (primary structure), their orientation (secondary structure) and the shape of the chain as a whole (tertiary structure). Small differences make for totally different proteins.
7.
Water accounts for about 60 per cent of a man's body weight and 50 per cent of
a woman's. The difference is due to the average woman's larger proportion of fat, which contains no water. The plasma of the blood contains rather more than 3 litres, and the tissue fluid about 12 litres. Together, these 15 litres make up the extracellular fluid. Although the balance between blood, tissue fluid and cells remain almost constant there is a rapid and continuous exchange of water between them.
Тексты для контрольного перевода (к разделу 1)
1.The liver is a solid organ of dark-brown colour and the largest gland in the
human body. It occupies the right-hand upper position of the abdominal cavity.
About four-fifths of the organ lies to the right of the middle line of the body. The
liver rests upon various abdominal organs, the right kidney and suprarenal gland,
the large intestine, the duodenum, and the stomach. Liver tissue consists of
thousands of tiny lobules.
*Печень — это твердый орган темно-коричневого цвета и самая большая железа в организме человека. Она занимает правое верхнее положение (в) брюшной полости.
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Примерно(около) четыре пятых органа находится(лежит) справа от средней линии тела.
Печень опирается на различные органы брюшной полости, правую почку и надпочечник (надпочечниковую железу), толстую кишку, двенадцатиперстную кишку и желудок. Ткань печени состоит из тысяч крошечных долек.
The liver has many functions vital to the body. Of the liver's many digestive functions the production of bile and storage of glucose are particularly important. The bile not only performs important functions in the process of digestion, but also serves as a vehicle for the excretion of waste products from the body. The liver has a double blood supply. The portal vein brings venous blood from the stomach, the intestines, and the spleen. The hepatic artery brings arterial blood. These two bring about 40 ounces (1,200 milliliters) of blood to the liver every minute.
*Печень выполняет множество жизненно важных для организма функций. Из многих пищеварительных функций печени особенно важны выработка желчи и хранение глюкозы. Желчь не только выполняет важные функции в процессе пищеварения, но также служит средством для выведения продуктов(отходов) жизнедеятельности из организма. Печень имеет двойное кровоснабжение. Воротная вена приносит венозную кровь из желудка, кишечника и селезенки (По воротной вене венозная кровь поступает из желудка, кишечника и селезенки.). Печеночная артерия приносит артериальную кровь. Эти две артерии доставляют в печень около 40 унций (1200 миллилитров) крови каждую минуту.
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2. The two lungs are a pair of elastic organs of respiration. They supply the body
with oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide from the blood. The lungs extend from
the collarbone to the diaphragm in the thoracic cavity. They normally lie free
within the pleural cavities of the thorax except for the attachment by their roots
to the trachea and the heart by the bronchi and pulmonary blood vessels
respectively. The two lungs are not quite mirror images of each other. The right
lung, which is the slightly larger of the two, has three lobes (upper, middle and
lower) and the left lung has only two lobes (upper and lower). Air enters each
lung through a large tube, or bronchus, which divides and subdivides into a
network of countless tubules, bronchioles. These tiny tubules lead to alveoli. The
wall of an alveolus is a single layer of a cell. Alveoli are the sites of gas exchange
in the lungs. They form the respiratory surfaces and allow oxygen and carbon
dioxide to move in and out of the lungs. The spongy mass of the lungs contain some 600,000,000 alveoli. We inspire more than 25,000 times a day and during
this time inhale around 16 kg of air.
3. In 1928 a British microbiologist, Frederick Griffith, was trying to develop a vac
cine against pneumonia. He was working with two different strains of the causative
bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae. One strain was pathogenic, the other was
nonpathogenic. When Griffith injected dead cells of the pathogenic strain of S.
pneumoniae into a mouse, the mouse survived, because the dead bacteria were
unable to establish an infection in the mouse. However, when he injected a
mouse with living cells of the nonpathogenic strain together with dead bacteria
(neither of them could cause disease alone) the mouse died. Griffith reasoned
that genetic material from the dead bacteria had somehow entered the living
nonpathogens and transformed them into the pathogenic bacteria, Griffith had,
in fact, observed the movement of hereditary material from one cell to another.
The chemical that transmitted the hereditary information, which included,
instructions on how to cause infection, leaked from the dead pathogens and
entered the living bacteria and caused the transformation of a nonpathogen to a
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pathogen. Other scientists then began to investigate the specific substance. They were looking for the molecular basis of heredity. However, it remained a puzzle until 1944.
4. Scientific pathology really began in 1761 with the publication of Morgagni's collection of case histories in which doctors related patients' symptoms to disorders of particular organs. Under the influence of scientists, such as Hunter, pathology came to rely more and more on facts and less on philosophical speculations. The flood of pathological discovery in the 19th century came largely from microscopical examination. Pathology has come to deal with smaller and smaller units from a vague concept of the whole person to the study of particular organs, then tissues, then cells, and finally, molecules. Pathologists are now beginning to study disturbances of chemical reactions which determine the processes of disease. In the past, postmortem studies were the only possible way of learning about the nature of disease, and they are still very important for both research and teaching. But they reveal disease at a state where it is beyond the help of medicine. Thus pathologists described in great deal what had gone wrong with a patients's anatomy, but it had little to say about his physiology.
Тексты для тренировочного перевода (к разделу 2)
1. The relation of microbes to disease was fully established by Robert Koch (1843 —
1910) Much of his work on bacteria was done while he was a general practitioner
in Prussia. Koch showed that specific human diseases are caused by specific
microorganisms. Most of the bacteria were identified by Koch or one of his many
pupils.
2. The immune system was not recognized as a separate system until recently. Although evidence of immune protection was known in ancient times, the first
inkling of how immunity is caused came in 1884, when macrophages were first
observed. Since then, many different components of the system have been found.
3. Digestion comprises all the processes by which nutrients are liberated from food,
broken down into their chemical components by the action of enzymes and absorbed by the body. In the foregut the food is taken in by means of the lips, teeth and tongue, chewed, lubricated with saliva and swallowed in single bits.
4. From the stomach, the chyme passes into the small intestine through the pyloric
sphincter. Much material is still undigested. Proteins have not been completely
broken down, starches are still being converted into simple sugars, and fats
remain in large globules. In the small intestine the process of digestion is completed
by the action of the bile, which is secreted by the liver and released by the gall
bladder, and by the action of various enzymes.
5. The body is continuously exposed to damage by viruses, bacteria, toxins and
chemicals, and foreign proteins of plant origin. These insults are received by the
skin, the respiratory system, and the digestive system. The skin suffers far more
injuries than the rest of the body. This organ is looked upon as an important
means that protects the tissues against mechanical, chemical and bacterial injuries,
Where protection against mechanical injury is particularly called for, the skin
develops thickness, as on the sole of the foot, and on the palms of the hand.
6. Most of the leukocytes, but not all, are manufactured in bone marrow along with
erythrocytes. They are formed in large quantities. The number of leukocytes in
the blood will rise or fall in response to certain abnormal conditions. A rise is
called leukocytosis and a fall is leukopenia. Before the discovery of antibiotics,
severe leukopenia was usually fatal.
7. Senile erythrocytes are phagocytosed and broken down in the reticular connective
tissue of the bone marrow and the spleen. Iron from the hemoglobin is temporarily
stored in the phagocytes of the reticular connective tissue as hemosiderin, which
in turn is broken down to ferritin, a molecular combination of six atoms of iron,
Ferritin is carried through the blood stream to the bone marrow. Here it is taken*
up by the reticular cells which eventually release it to the erythroblasts.
8. The thymus gland was given its name by Galen in the second century AD because
of its resemblance to a bunch of thyme flowers. The thymus gland is now established
as a vital part of the immunological system. Until 1960 the function of the thymus
was completely unknown. Certain relationship have been found between the
thymus and the transmissibility of leukemia in experimental animals. A great
deal has been written about the relationship of thymus enlargement to sudden
death in infants, particularly during anesthesia.
9. Thromboplastin is widely distributed in the body and is held securely in the
tissues and the platelets of the blood. It is the "trigger" mechanism which initiates
the clotting process. When there is a wound thromboplastin is liberated from the
tissues and the clotting process begins promptly. Excessive bleeding due to a
deficiency of thromboplastin is observed in patients with hemophilia.
10. Surgery of the brain has been performed since prehistoric times. Examinations of the skulls which had been operated upon give ample evidence that some who underwent such operations survived them for considerable periods of time. In fact such early operations were apparently carried out in all parts of the world, yet much evidence of them has been found in the North and Central America.
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