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The USA
Тhe United States of America is the fourth largest country in the world with the population of about 325 million people. Its territory covers the southern part of North America and extends from the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean. It also includes Alaska which is separated from Russia by the Bering Strait and Hawaii situated halfway the west-coast states and the Far East. The total area of the country is about nine and a half million square kilometers. The USA borders on Canada in the north and on Mexico in the south. It also has a sea-border with Russia.
There are lowlands and mountains in the US among which the highest ones are the Rocky Mountains, the Cordillera and the Sierra Nevada. America’s most important rivers are the Mississippi which is one of the longest rivers in the world, the Missouri, the Rio Grande and the Columbia. However, they are unsuitable for navigation. The well-known Great Lakes located on the border with Canada are considered to be the deepest in the USA.
The climate of the country differs a lot. Crossed by mountain ranges from north to south, the country is unprotected from winds either cold or warm. This causes great temperature fluctuations. The climate of Alaska is arctic, that of the central part is continental and the south with its hot winds blowing from the Gulf of Mexico has a subtropical climate.
The United States of America is a very diverse country. Its nature, climate, population varies from the East Coast to the west, from the northern border to the southern.Climate is mostly temperate, but tropical in Hawaii and Florida, arctic in Alaska, semiarid in the Great Plains west of the Mississippi River, and arid in the southwest.Natural resources include coal, copper, lead, molybdenum, phosphates, uranium, bauxite, gold, iron, mercury, nickel, silver, tungsten, zinc, petroleum, natural gas, and timber.
Natural hazards are a great deal of problems for the USA. Every year, they lose hundred millions of dollars, because of natural hazards. The USA is famous for hurricanes along the Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico coasts and tornadoes in the Midwest and southeast; mud slides in California; forest fires in the west; flooding.
Sometimes there are tsunamis, volcanoes and earthquakes happen. Earthquakes are very often in California.Talking about environment, one should add that air pollution results in acid rains in both the US and Canada. The US is the largest single emitter of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels.Water pollution from runoff of pesticides and fertilizers takes place here.
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The USA is one of the most developed industrial countries. It is rich in coal, oil, iron and other minerals which form a solid base for the development of America’s industry. The United States is one of the leading countries in the world economy in such industries as mining, metallurgy, electronics and space engineering, chemicals, textiles, leather and footwear. Regarding agriculture, both animal husbandry and arable farming are prominent in the economy of the US.
Though mainly European and African in origin, there are people of nearly all races and nations in the US.The US is a federal Union of 50 states and a District of Columbia where the capital of the country, Washington, is situated. The US Constitution divides the government into three branches: the executive branch headed by the President, the legislative one exercised by the Congress and the judicial branch. The Congress includes the Senate and the House of Representatives.
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Вариант №10.
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The US Constitution
The form of the US government is based on the Constitution of 1787 which was adopted after the War of Independence. The US Constitution consists of 7 articles and 27 amendments. The first 10 amendments are called the Bill of Rights and were adopted in 1791 under popular pressure. The Bill of Rights is a series of limitations on the power of the United States federal government, protecting the natural rights and liberties, property including freedom of religion, freedom of speech, a free press, free assembly, and free association, as well as the right to keep and carry arms. In federal criminal cases, it requires indictment by a grand jury for any capital crime, guarantees a speedy, public trial with an impartial jury composed of members of the state in which the crime occurred. A key feature of the US Constitution is federalism – the division of power between the national government and the states. Another major feature of the Constitution is the principle of the separation of powers within the national government. According to this principle the executive, legislative and judicial branches exercise powers that are largely separate and distinct. There is not a strict and complete separation of powers, the powers of the three branches overlap. Each branch has its own responsibilities, but no branch has more power than the other branches. There is the system of checks and balances. Under this principle each branch has certain duties to check the powers of the other branches. This system was meant to protect against the extremes since it makes compromise and consensus necessary. The legislative branch is called the Congress which consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives. It is the responsibility of the Congress to propose and pass laws. In the system of checks and balances, Congress can refuse to approve Presidential appointments and can override presidential veto. The executive branch consists of the President, the Vice President, the Cabinet and the 13 Departments, and also the independent agencies. Its responsibility is to enforce laws. According to the principle of checks and balances, the President has the power of veto to reject the bill of the Congress. He also appoints all Supreme Court Justices. The judicial branch consists of the Supreme Court, 11 Circuit Courts of Appeals and 94 District Courts. This branch explains and interprets laws and makes decisions in lawsuits. It has the power over the other two branches and according to the principle of checks and balances can declare their actions and laws unconstitutional in case they violate the principles of the Constitution. 2. Выразите согласие/несогласие со следующими утверждениями, используя следующие речевые модели. Model: a) I think it is true. The text tells us that … b) To my mind, it is false because … 1. The US Constitution was adopted in 1918 after the World War I. 2. The first 10 amendments are called the Bill of Rights. 3. The Bill of Rights sets forth the structure of the Federal Government. 4. The key features of the US Constitution are federalism, the separation of powers and the system of checks and balances. 59 5. The legislative branch has more powers then the others. 6. The powers of the three branches don't overlap. 7. The system of checks and balances was meant to protect against the extremes. 8. The responsibilities of the Congress are to protect the rights of citizens and enforce laws. 9. The executive branch consists of the President, the Vice President, the Cabinet and the 13 Departments, and also the independent agencies. 10. The judicial branch explains and interprets laws and makes decisions in lawsuits.
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1. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы. 1. When was the US Constitution adopted? 58 2. What does the US Constitution consist of? 3. How are the first 10 amendments to the US Constitution called? 4. What rights and liberties are protected under the Bill of Rights? 5. What kind of trial is guaranteed by the Bill of Rights? 6. What are the key features of the US Constitution? 7. What are the three branches of power according to the Constitution? 8. Is there a strict separation of powers in the USA? 9. Does any branch have more power than the others? 10. What duties does every branch have regarding the other branches under the principle of checks and balances?
4 Составьте вопросы к тексту.
5 Перескажите текст.
6 Найдите дополнительную информацию в Интернете и подготовьте презентацию по теме «Конституция США».
Список литературы
Основная литература
1. Агабекян И.П. Английский для экономистов : учеб. пособие для студ. вузов / И. П. Агабекян, П. И. Коваленко. - 15-е изд., стер. - Ростов н/Д : Феникс, 2016. -413 с.
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2. АгабекянИ.П. Английскийязыкдлябакалавров = A Cource of English for Bachelor`s Degree Students. Intermediatelevel : учеб. пособие для студ. вузов / И.П. Агабекян. - 3-е изд., стер. - Ростов н/Д : Феникс, 2013. - 382 с. - (Высшее образование)
3. Английский язык для технических вузов : учебник для студ. вузов / Т. А. Карпова [и др.] ; ред. А. В. Николаенко. - 2-е изд., перераб. и доп. - М. : Кнорус,2016. - 346 с. - (Бакалавриат)
4. Левицкий, Ю.А. Теоретическая грамматика современного английского языка : учебное пособие [Электронный ресурс] / Ю.А. Левицкий. - М. :Директ-Медиа, 2013. - 156 с. - ISBN 978-5-4458-2976-8. - URL: http://biblioclub.ru/index.php?page=book&id=210501 (03.09.2014).
5. . Ещеркина Л.В. ИгнасиоФагундес Г.А. Английский язык: практикум/ Л.В. Ещеркина, Г.А. ИгнасиоФагундес. - Челябинск: Изд-во «Южно-Уральский институт управления и экономики», 2017. – 64 с.
Дополнительная литература
1. Акопян А. Англо-русский словарь :ок. 30000 слов / А. Акопян, А. Травкина, С. Хватова. - 2-е изд., испр. и доп. - М. : Мартин, 2005. - 639 с.
2. Английский язык для студентов экономических специальностей : учебник [Электронный ресурс] / И.К. Кардович, О.Б. Дубова, Е.В. Коробова, Н.Б. Шрамкова. - М. : Книжный мир, 2012. - 272 с. - ISBN 978-5-8041-0573-1. - URL: http://biblioclub.ru/index.php?page=book&id=89692 (19.09.2014).
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