Прочитайте и переведите текст.
МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ РЕКОМЕНДАЦИИ
По выполнению домашней контрольной работы по дисциплине
Иностранный язык (английский) в сфере юриспруденции
Направленность (профиль) образовательной программы:
Общеправовая подготовка
Направление подготовки
40.03.01 Юриспруденция (уровень бакалавриата)
для обучающихся заочной формы обучения
Челябинск, 2019
СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
1. Введение
2. Методические рекомендации по выполнению контрольных заданий;
3. Задания для домашних контрольных работ
4. Рекомендуемый список литературы;
Введение
Целью домашних контрольных работ по данной учебной дисциплине является овладение студентами лингвистическими и лингвострановедческими знаниями, как общего характера, так и профессионально-ориентированными, а также закрепление и совершенствование основных навыков и умений речевой деятельности.
В процессе выполнения контрольной работы у обучающихся формируются компетенции, указанные в рабочей программе дисциплины.
Методические рекомендации по выполнению контрольной работы
Каждый студент должен выполнить контрольную работу в установленные сроки. Контрольная работа предлагается в 10 вариантах.
Студенту необходимо выбрать свой вариант контрольной работы по таблице определения вариантов домашних контрольных работ.
Таблица 1 – Таблица соотношения начальной буквы фамилии студента и варианта контрольных заданий
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| Начальная буква фамилии | Вариант задания |
| А, Е, Л | Первый |
| Р, Х, Э | Второй |
| Б, Ж, М | Третий |
| С, Ц, Ю | Четвертый |
| В, З, Н | Пятый |
| Т, Ч | Шестой |
| Г, И, О | Седьмой |
| У, Ш | Восьмой |
| Д, К, П | Девятый |
| Ф, Щ, Я | Десятый |
Выполнять контрольную работу следует в печатном виде.
Контрольные задания должны быть выполнены в той последовательности, в которой они даны в контрольной работе.
Прежде чем выполнять контрольные задания, проработайте следующие разделы:
1. Порядок слов в английском предложении.
2. Спряжение глагола «to be».
3. Определенный и неопределенный артикли.
4. Определенный артикль в географических названиях
5. Множественное число существительных.
6. Притяжательный падеж существительных.
7. Местоимения some/ any и их производные.
8. Отрицательное местоимение «no» и его производные.
9. Местоимения «little/few»; выражения «a little/ a few».
10. Времена группы «simple».
11. Времена группы «continuous».
12. Времена группы «perfeсt».
13. Обозначения времени.
14. Количественные и порядковые числительные.
Задания для домашних контрольных работ
Вариант №1.
1. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
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Legal Profession
A lawyer is a person learned in law. A lawyer, also known as an attorney, a counselor, a solicitor, a barrister or an advocate, is an individual licensed by the state to engage in the practice of law and advise clients on legal matters. Lawyers act as both advocates and advisors on behalf of their clients. The role of the lawyer varies significantly across legal jurisdictions, and therefore can be treated in only the most general terms. Lawyers’ roles vary greatly, depending upon their practice environment and field of specialization. In most countries there is only one legal profession. This means that all the lawyers have roughly the same professional education leading to the same legal qualifications, and they are permitted to do all the legal work. In England the system is different. Here the profession is divided into two types of lawyers, called solicitors and barristers. Solicitors and barristers are both qualified lawyers, but they have different legal training; they take different examinations to qualify; and once they have qualified, they usually do different types of legal work. 25 Many solicitors deal with a range of legal work: preparing cases to be tried in the civil or criminal courts; giving legal advice in the field of business and drawing up contracts; making all the legal arrangements for the buying and selling of land or houses; assisting employees and employers; making wills. Barristers are mainly “courtroom lawyers” who actually conduct cases in court. Unlike solicitors, they have rights of audience (rights to appear) in any court of the land, and so barristers are those lawyers who appear in the more difficult cases in the higher courts. The educational requirements to becoming a lawyer vary greatly from country to country. In some countries, law is taught by a faculty of law, which is a department of a university's general undergraduate college. Law students in those countries pursue a Bachelor (LLB) or a Master (LLM) of Laws degree. In some countries it is common or even required for students to earn another bachelor's degree at the same time. Besides it is often followed by a series of advanced examinations, apprenticeships, and additional coursework at special government institutes. In other countries, particularly the United States, law is primarily taught at law schools. Most law schools are part of universities but a few are independent institutions. Law schools in the United States (and some in Canada and elsewhere) award graduating students a J.D. (Juris Doctor/Doctor of Jurisprudence) as the practitioner's law degree (a professional degree). However, like other professional doctorates, the J.D. is not the exact equivalent of the Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.), a university degree of the highest level, since it does not require the submission of a full dissertation based on original research. The methods and quality of legal education vary widely. Some countries require extensive clinical training in the form of apprenticeships or special clinical courses. Many others have only lectures on highly abstract legal doctrines, which force young lawyers to figure out how to actually think and write like a lawyer at their first apprenticeship (or job). In most common law countries lawyers have many options over the course of their careers. Besides private practice, they can always aspire to becoming a prosecutor, government counsel, corporate in-house counsel, judge, arbitrator, law professor, or politician. In most civil law countries, lawyers generally structure their legal education around their chosen specialty; the boundaries between different types of lawyers are carefully defined and hard to cross. After one earns a law degree, career mobility may be severely constrained.
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4. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты, соответствующие следующим словосочетаниям. 1) консультировать клиентов по вопросам права 2) выполнять все виды юридической работы 3) солиситоры и барристеры 4) сдавать квалификационные экзамены 5) право преподается на юридическом факультете 6) университетский колледж, готовящий бакалавров 7) степень магистра 8) добиваться получения степени бакалавра 9) присвоить ученую степень доктора юриспруденции (США) 10) защита диссертации 11) научно- исследовательская работа 12) учебная практика 13) ученичество, место начального практического обучения 14) штатный юрисконсульт компании 15) страны общего права (англо-саксонской системы права) 16) страны романо-германской (континентальной) системы права
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5. Соотнесите слова из двух колонок так, чтобы получились словосочетания из текста, переведите их на русский язык и составьте с ними свои предложения. 26 1) to take 2) to deal with 3) to draw up 4) to make 5) to have 6) to go to 7) to engage in 8) to advise on 9) to depend on 10) on behalf of a) the clients b) the practice of law c) the right of audience d) court e) the practice environment f) legal matters g) legal arrangements h) contracts i) legal advice j) a range of legal work
1. Составьте вопросы к тексту.
2. Перескажите текст.
3. Найдите дополнительную информацию в Интернете и подготовьте презентацию по теме «Профессия юриста».
Вариант №2.
2. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
Legal Profession
Correspondent: Генри, почему Вы выбрали профессию юриста?
Mr. Dahut: When asked why I became a lawyer I usually say because it seemed like a smart thing to do. Unlike some of my law school classmates, I had no illusions of becoming either a great advocate or a legal scholar. All I wanted was a nice income and a respectable position in life. For me, law was a safe career choice, not a passion. My only concern was that as a creative, emotive, right-brain type, I would not be able to make my mind do whatever it is that lawyer minds do to think like lawyers. But an old lawyer, I met, told me that the real danger was that once you start thinking like a lawyer it becomes difficult to think any other way.
C.: Когда Вы сами поняли, что необходимо научиться мыслить как юрист?
Mr. Dahut: That process began on the first day of law school when the dean told our petrified firstyear class that before we could become lawyers we had to learn how to think like lawyers. One student had the nerve to ask the dean how we would know when he had learned to think like lawyers. The dean shot back, when you get paid to think! I soon saw how thinking like lawyers actually meant altering our reasoning structures. For example, memory, while important to success in law school, stood a distant second to learning how to reason like a lawyer.
C.: Что значит – мыслить как юрист?
Mr. Dahut: Thinking like a lawyer demands thinking within the confines of inductive and deductive forms of reasoning. As law students, we entered a world of rigorous dialogue in which abstractions are formulated and then described – usually leading to the discovery of a general principle or rule, which is then distinguished from another general rule. We learned how to narrow and intensify our focus. The process taught us how to think defensively: We learned how to protect our clients (and ourselves) and why we needed to proceed slowly, find the traps, measure and calculate the risk. And above all, never, ever let them see you sweat!
C.: Какие качества Вы стремились развить в себе во время учебы?
Mr. Dahut: The goal, of course, was for me to become a rational, logical, categorical, linear thinker – trained to separate what is reasonable from what is not and what is true from what is false. Having learned to think in a new way, I had less tolerance for ambiguity. A new mental structure was forming – a new set of lenses through which to view the structure of human affairs.
C.: Как изменилась Ваша личность во время обучения в юридическом колледже? 34
Mr. Dahut: It turns out I had just enough left-brain skills to get me through law school and the bar. The mental gymnastics is necessary for forming the plasticity of the human mind. Unconsciously, I began to relate to and observe others within the context of my new way of thinking. The old lawyer I once met was right: Learning to think like lawyers made us less capable of the kind of emotive thinking necessary to make creative choices, manage and inspire people, and respond quickly to change.
4. Составьте вопросы к тексту.
5. Перескажите текст.
6. Найдите дополнительную информацию в Интернете и подготовьте презентацию по теме «Профессия юриста».
Вариант №3.
1. Прочитайте и переведите текст
Why do We Need Law?
Almost everything we do is governed by some set of rules. There are rules for games, for social clubs, for sports and for adults in the workplace. There are also rules imposed by morality and custom that play an important role in telling us what we should and should not do. However, some rules – those made by the state or the courts – are called “laws”. Laws resemble morality because they are designed to control or alter our behaviour. But unlike rules of morality, laws are enforced by the courts; if you break a law – whether you like that law or not – you may be forced to pay a fine, pay damages, or go to prison. Why are some rules so special that they are made into laws? Why do we need rules that everyone must obey? In short, what is the purpose of law? If we did not live in a structured society with other people, laws would not be necessary. We would simply do as we please, with little regard for others. But ever since individuals began to associate with other people – to live in society – laws have been the glue that has kept society together. For example, the law in our country states that we must drive our cars on the right-hand side of a twoway street. If people were allowed to choose at random which side of the street to drive on, driving would be dangerous and chaotic. Laws regulating our business affairs help to ensure that people keep their promises. Laws against criminal conduct help to safeguard our personal property and our lives. Even in a well-ordered society, people have disagreements and conflicts arise. The law must provide a way to resolve these disputes peacefully. If two people claim to own the same piece of property, we do not want the matter settled by a duel: we turn to the law and to institutions like the courts to decide who is the real owner and to make sure that the real owner's rights are respected. We need law, then, to ensure a safe and peaceful society in which individuals’ rights are respected. But we expect even more from our law. Some totalitarian governments have cruel and arbitrary laws, enforced by police forces free to arrest and punish people without trial. Strong-arm tactics may provide a great deal of order, but we reject this form of control. The legal system should respect individual rights while, at the same time, ensuring that society operates in an orderly manner. And society should believe in the Rule of Law, which means that the law applies to every person, 15 including members of the police and other public officials, who must carry out their public duties in accordance with the law. In our society, laws are not only designed to govern our conduct: they are also intended to give effect to social policies. For example, some laws provide for benefits when workers are injured on the job, for health care, as well as for loans to students who otherwise might not be able to go to university. Another goal of the law is fairness. This means that the law should recognize and protect certain basic individual rights and freedoms, such as liberty and equality. The law also serves to ensure that strong groups and individuals do not use their powerful positions in society to take unfair advantage of weaker individuals. However, despite the best intentions, laws are sometimes created that people later recognize as being unjust or unfair. In a democratic society, laws are not carved in stone, but must reflect the changing needs of society. In a democracy, anyone who feels that a particular law is flawed has the right to speak out publicly and to seek to change the law by lawful means.
9. Подберите к английским словосочетаниям из текста русские эквиваленты. 1) the purpose of law a) уважать права отдельного человека 2) to live in society b) отражать изменяющиеся потребности общества 3) to choose at random c) иметь разногласия и конфликты 4) to safeguard our personal property and our lives d) верить в верховенство закона 5) to have disagreements and conflicts e) защищать основные права и свободы 6) to resolve disputes peacefully f) назначение (цель) права 7) to turn to the law g) иметь право открыто высказать свое мнение 8) to respect individual rights h) жить в обществе 9) to arrest and punish people without trial i) выбирать что-либо наугад 10) to believe in the Rule of Law j) стремиться изменить закон законными средствами 11) in accordance with the law k) арестовывать и наказывать людей без суда и следствия 12) to protect basic individual rights and freedoms l) охранять нашу собственность и жизнь 13) to reflect the changing needs of society m) в соответствии с законом 14) to have the right to speak out publicly n) обращаться к закону 15) to seek to change the law by lawful means o) решать споры миром
4 Составьте вопросы к тексту.
5 Перескажите текст.
6 Найдите дополнительную информацию в Интернете и подготовьте презентацию по теме «Право».
Вариант №4.
1. Прочитайте и переведите текст
Law and Society
When the world was at a very primitive stage of development there were no laws to regulate life of people. If a man chose to kill his wife or if a woman succeeded in killing her husband that was their own business and no one interfered officially. But things never stay the same. The life has changed. We live in a complicated world. Scientific and social developments increase the tempo of our daily living activities, make them more involved. Now we need rules and regulations which govern our every social move and action. We have made laws of community living. Though laws are based on the reasonable needs at the community we often don’t notice them. If our neighbour plays loud music late at night, we probably try to discuss the matter with him rather than consulting the police, the lawyer or the courts. When we buy a TV set, or a train ticket or loan money to somebody a lawyer may tell us it represents a contract with legal obligations. But to most of us it is just a ticket that gets us on a train or a TV set to watch. 20 Only when a neighbour refuses to behave reasonably or when we are injured in a train accident, the money wasn’t repaid, the TV set fails to work and the owner of the shop didn’t return money or replace it, we do start thinking about the legal implications of everyday activities. You may wish to take legal action to recover your loss. You may sue against Bert who didn’t pay his debt. Thus you become a plaintiff and Bert is a defendant. At the trial you testified under oath about the loan. Bert, in his turn, claimed that it was a gift to him, which was not to be returned. The court after listening to the testimony of both sides and considering the law decided that it was a loan and directed that judgment should be entered in favour of you against Bert. Some transactions in modern society are so complex that few of us would risk making them without first seeking legal advice. For example, buying or selling a house, setting up a business, or deciding whom to give our property to when we die. On the whole it seems that people all over the world are becoming more and more accustomed to using legal means to regulate their relations with each other. Multinational companies employ lawyers to ensure that their contracts are valid whenever they do business.
6. Выразите согласие/несогласие с утверждениями, используя следующие речевые модели. Model: a) I think it is true. The text tells us that … b) To my mind, it is false because … 1. We usually think about the legal implications of everyday activities. 2. Few of us would risk making transactions without first seeking legal advice. 3. People all over the world are becoming more and more accustomed to using legal means to regulate their relations with each other. 4. Even though the TV set fails to work and the owner of the shop didn’t return your money or replace the TV set, we don’t start thinking of taking legal advice. 5. When you buy a train ticket a lawyer may tell you it represents a contract with legal obligations. 6. You may not sue against the person who didn’t pay his debt. 7. The defendant accuses a plaintiff. 8. The court may listen to the testimony of one party. 9. All transactions in modern society are very complex. 10. Nobody should have basic knowledge of law.
7. Ответьте на вопросы. 1. Were there any laws when the world was at a very primitive stage of development? 2. Why do we need rules and regulations nowadays? 3. Do we notice laws? Why? 4. When do we start thinking about the legal implications of our everyday activities? 5. In what case may we sue against Bert? 6. Where do we testify under oath? 7. Did Bert win or lose the case? 8. In what cases do people seek legal advice? 9. Why do companies employ lawyers?
4 Составьте вопросы к тексту.
5 Перескажите текст.
6 Найдите дополнительную информацию в Интернете и подготовьте презентацию по теме «Право и общество».
Вариант №5.
Прочитайте и переведите текст.
Top Ten Legal Skills
While legal positions vary greatly in scope and responsibility, there are several core legal skills that are required in most legal functions. If you are considering a career in law, it is wise to polish these top ten legal skills to excel in today’s competitive legal market. 1. Oral Communication Language is one of the most fundamental tools of the legal professional. Legal professionals must: ü Convey information in a clear, concise, and logical manner. ü Communicate persuasively. ü Advocate a position or a cause. ü Master legal terminology. ü Develop keen listening skills. 2. Written Communication. From writing simple correspondence to drafting complex legal documents, writing is an integral function of nearly every legal position. Legal professionals must: ü Master the stylistic and mechanical aspects of writing. ü Master the fundamentals of grammar. ü Learn how to write organized, concise and persuasive prose. ü Draft effective legal documents such as motions, briefs, memos, resolutions and legal agreements. 3. Client Service. In the client-focused legal industry, serving the client honestly, capably and responsibly is crucial to success. 4. Analytical and Logical Reasoning. 31 Legal professionals must learn to review and assimilate large volumes of complex information in an efficient and effective manner. Legal analytical and logical reasoning skills include: reviewing complex written documents, drawing inferences and making connections among legal authorities; developing logical thinking, organization and problem-solving abilities; structuring and evaluating arguments; using inductive and deductive reasoning to draw inferences and reach conclusions. 5. Legal Research. Researching legal concepts, case law, judicial opinions, statutes, regulations and other information is an important legal skill. 6. Technology. Technology is changing the legal landscape and is an integral part of every legal function. To remain effective in their jobs, legal professionals must master communications technology including emails, voice messaging systems, videoconferencing and related technology. 7. Knowledge of Substantive Law and Legal Procedure. All legal professionals, even those at the bottom of the legal career chain, must have basic knowledge of substantive law and legal procedure. 8. Time Management. In a profession based on a business model (billable hours) that ties productivity to financial gain, legal professionals are under constant pressure to bill time and manage large workloads. 9. Organization. In order to manage large volumes of data and documents, legal professionals must develop topnotch organizational skills. 10. Teamwork. Legal professionals do not work in a vacuum. Even solo practitioners must rely on secretaries and support staff and team up with co-counsels, experts to deliver legal services.
5. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты русским словам и словосочетаниям. 1) профессиональные компетенции юриста 2) представлять информацию в ясной и краткой форме 3) овладеть юридической терминологией 4) развивать способность внимательно слушать собеседника 5) составлять сложные юридические документы 6) овладеть основами грамматики 7) составлять ходатайства, записки по делу 8) обслуживать клиента честно и ответственно 9) просматривать и усваивать большой объем информации 10) навыки логического рассуждения 11) делать выводы и умозаключения 12) осваивать технологии общения (коммуникации) 13) на нижней ступеньке карьерной лестницы 14) знания материального права и судопроизводства 15) выдерживать большие рабочие нагрузки 16) почасовая оплата 17) развивать высочайшие навыки самоорганизации 18) работа в команде
5 Составьте вопросы к тексту.
6 Перескажите текст.
7 Найдите дополнительную информацию в Интернете и подготовьте презентацию по теме «Профессиональные компетенции юриста».
Вариант №6.
1 Прочитайте и переведите текст.
POTENTIAL INTERVIEW QUESTIONS
Technically, not every item is a question; some are statements; but all are intended to prompt you for a response. Better questions are not those that can be answered with a "yes" or "no," but are open-ended questions that invite thoughtful response. Even if you are asked a question that can be answered with a "yes" or "no," (e.g. "Are you comfortable with the amount of travel this job involves?"), you can certainly add a word of explanation to back up your answer (e.g., "Yes. I actually look forward to the opportunity to travel and to work with the staff members in some of the other offices). Best questions are those that ask you how you behaved in the past, because past behaviour is the best predictor of future behaviour. Not every interviewer will ask you every one of these questions. However, if you are prepared to address these questions, you will leave the impression that you were prepared for your job interview, even if additional questions take you by surprise. • What are your long-range goals and objectives for the next seven to ten years? • What are your short-range goals and objectives for the next one to three years? • How do you plan to achieve your career goals? • What are the most important rewards you expect in your career? • Why did you choose the career for which you are preparing? • What are your strengths, weaknesses, and interests? • How do you think a friend or professor who knows you well would describe you? • Describe a situation in which you had to work with a difficult person (another student, co-worker, customer, supervisor, etc.) How did you handle the situation? • How do you determine or evaluate success? • In what ways do you think you can make a contribution to our organization? • Describe a contribution you have made to a project on which you worked. • What qualities should a successful lawyer possess? • What two or three accomplishments have given you the most satisfaction? Why? • Describe your most rewarding college experience. • Why did you select your college or university? 38 • What led you to choose your major or field of study? • What college subjects did you like best? Why? • What college subjects did you like least? Why? • Do you think your grades are a good indication of your academic achievement? • What have you learned from participation in extracurricular activities? • In what kind of work environment are you most comfortable? • Describe a situation in which you worked as part of a team. What role did you take on? What went well and what didn’t? • In what part-time or summer jobs have you been most interested? Why? • How would you describe the ideal job for you following graduation? • Why did you decide to seek a position with our organization? • What two or three things would be most important to you in your job? • What criteria are you using to evaluate the organization for which you hope to work? • Are you comfortable with the amount of travel this job requires? • Are you willing to spend at least six months as a trainee?
What the interviewer is looking for. Interviewer says: Tell me about yourself. Remember, this is a job interview, not a psychological or personal interview. The interviewer is interested in the information about you that relates to your qualifications for employment, such as education, work experiences and extracurricular activities. Interviewer says: What do you expect to be doing five years from now? Ten years from now? The interviewer is looking for evidence of career goals and ambitions rather than minutely specific descriptions. The interviewer wants to see your thought process and the criteria that are important to you. The interviewer is not looking for information about your personal life. Interviewer says: Why should I hire you? Stress what you have to offer the employer as relates to the position for which you are interviewing, not how nice it would be to work there or what you want from the employer. Remember that you are being compared to other candidates, and in fact more than one candidate might be a very good employee. Deliver to the employer reasons to see that you are a good fit (show you know yourself, know the field/industry, know the organization, and know the position). Interviewer says: What are your ideas about salary? Research salaries in your field before your interviews so that you know the current salary range for the type of position you are seeking. Interviewer says: Why do you want to work for our company/organization? Not having an answer is a good way to get crossed off the candidate list, and is a common pet peeve of interviewers. Research the employer before your interview; attempt to find out about the organization's products, locations, clients, philosophy, goals, previous growth record and growth plans, how they value employees and customers, etc. 39 Unfortunately it's very common for job-seekers to directly state, "I really want to work for your company/agency/organization/firm," but then to be unable to answer the question "why?" Without the answer to "why?" the initial statement becomes meaningless.
4 Составьте вопросы к тексту.
5 Перескажите текст.
6 Найдите дополнительную информацию в Интернете и подготовьте презентацию по теме «Собеседование».
Вариант №7.
1. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
The Congress of the United States is the highest lawmaking body in the United States and one of the oldest national legislatures in the world. The U.S. Congress consists of two houses - the Senate and the House of Representatives. A member of the Senate is referred to as a senator, and a member of the House of Representatives is called a representative or congressman or congresswoman. The general process for making a bill into a law is described in the Constitution. The first step in the legislative process is the introduction of a bill to the Congress. Bills originate from several different sources: from individual members of the Congress, from a member of a constituent or a group of constituents, from one or more state legislatures, or the President or his administration, but only members of the Congress can introduce legislation. After being introduced, a bill is referred to the appropriate committee for review. There are 17 Senate committees, with 70 subcommittees, and 23 House committees, with 104 subcommittees. A bill is first considered in a subcommittee, where it may be accepted, amended, or rejected. If the members of the subcommittee agree to move a bill forward, it is reported to the full committee, where the process is repeated again. If the full committee votes to approve the bill, it is reported to the House or the Senate. When the bill comes up for consideration, the House has a very structured debate process. Each member who wishes to speak has only a few minutes, and the number and kind of amendments are usually limited. In the Senate, debate on most bills is unlimited - Senators may speak to issues other than the bill under consideration during their speeches, and any amendment can be introduced. A bill must pass both houses of the Congress before it goes to the President for consideration. Once debate has ended and any amendments to the bill have been approved, the full membership will vote for or against the bill. 49 The bill is then sent to the President. When receiving a bill from the Congress, the President has several options. If the President agrees with the bill, he or she may sign it into law. If the President disagrees with the bill, he may veto it and send it back to the Congress. The Congress may override the veto with a two-thirds vote of each chamber, at which point the bill becomes law and is printed. 2. Выразите согласие/несогласие со следующими утверждениями, используя следующие речевые модели. Model: a) I fully agree with the statement. b) I am afraid, I can’t agree with it. 1. The Senate is the main legislative body of the USA. 2. The Constitution of the USA sets forth the general process for making a bill into law. 3. The first step in the legislative process is voting. 4. In the House of Representatives, debate on most bills is unlimited. 5. All bills must pass both houses of the Congress before it goes to the President. 6. Upon receiving a bill from the Congress, the President has to sign it. 7. The Congress has no right to override the presidential veto.
2. Составьте словарь по прочитанному.
3 Составьте вопросы к тексту.
4 Перескажите текст.
5 Найдите дополнительную информацию в Интернете и подготовьте презентацию по теме «Законодательство в США».
Вариант №8.
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