Translate the paragraph preceding the last one.
UNIT 3 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Words and phrases to remember:
escapement – спуск; анкерный механизм
crankshaft – коленчатый вал
camshaft – кулачковый вал; распределительный вал
photovoltaic cell – фотогальванический элемент
machine tool – станок, металлорежущий станок
product lifecycle management – управление жизненным циклом изделия (от концепции до выхода из строя)
maintenance – 1) эксплуатация, 2) техническое обслуживание
operation of machines - работа машин
1. Read the text and match the appropriate word to start the sentence:
A) Applications B) During the years
C) Education D) Mechanical Engineering
1._______is a discipline of engineering that applies the principles of physics and materials science for analysis, design, manufacturing, and maintenance of mechanical systems. It is the branch of engineering that involves the production and usage of heat and mechanical power for the production, and operation of machines and tools. It is one of the oldest and broadest engineering disciplines.
The engineering field requires a solid understanding of core concepts including mechanics, kinematics, thermodynamics, materials science, and structural analysis. Mechanical engineers use these core principles along with tools like computer-aided engineering and product lifecycle management to design and analyse manufacturing plants, industrial equipment and machinery, heating and cooling systems, motor vehicles, aircraft, watercraft, robots, medical devices and so on.
2._________ of mechanical engineering are found in the records of many ancient and medieval societies throughout the globe. In ancient Greece, the works of Archimedes (287 BC–212 BC) deeply influenced mechanics in the Western tradition and Heron of Alexandria (c. 10–70 AD) created the first steam engine. In China, Zhang Heng (78–139 AD) improved a water clock and invented a seismometer.
3.___________ from 7th to 15th century, the era called the Islamic Golden Age, there have been remarkable contributions from Muslim inventors in the field of mechanical technology. Al-Jazari, who was one of them, wrote his famous Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices in 1206, and presented many mechanical designs. He is also considered to be the inventor of such mechanical devices which now form the very basics of mechanisms, such as the crankshaft and camshaft.
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As a field mechanical engineering emerged during the industrial revolution in Europe in the 19th century. The development of the textile machinery, steam engines, machine tools, pumping machinery, turbines and locomotives of that time made such
a diverse interest for engineers that there appeared the term mechanical engineering. However, its development can be traced back several thousand years around the world. The field has been continually evolving to incorporate advancements in
Fig. 4 . An oblique view of a four-cylinder inline crankshaft with pistons
technology, and mechanical engineers today are pursuing in such fields as composites, mechatronics, and nanotechnology. Mechanical engineering overlaps with Aerospace engineering, Civil engineering, and Petroleum engineering to varying amounts.
Today, mechanical engineering is involved in projects ranging from the use of nanotechnology to develop thermoelectric energy converters to the use of active control for efficient combustion; from the design of miniature robots for extraterrestrial exploration to the creation of needle-free drug injectors; from the design of low-cost radio-frequency identification chips to the development of advanced numerical simulation techniques; from the development of unmanned underwater vehicles to the invention of cost-effective photovoltaic cells.
4.________ in mechanical engineering has historically been based on a strong foundation in mathematics and science. Degrees in mechanical engineering are offered at universities worldwide.
2. In the text find equivalents to the phrases:
- хорошее понимание основных понятий;
- сильное влияние на механику;
- выдающийся вклад;
- разнообразные интересы инженеров;
- отслеживать развитие композитных материалов;
- внеземные исследования;
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- современные методы численного моделирования;
- автоматические подводные суда
Translate the paragraph preceding the last one.
4. Answer the following questions:
1. What does Mechanical Engineering deal with?
2. What fields of science is Mechanical Engineering basically based on?
3. What should mechanical engineer use in his trial to design what he wants?
4. When did Mechanical Engineering appear as a field? Why at that time?
5. What kind of projects is Mechanical Engineering involved in now?
VOCABULARY STUDY
5. Match the words from the top line with an appropriate words from the bottom line and translate:
1. maintenance 2. energy 3. incorporate 4. extraterrestrial 5. photovoltaic
6. unmanned 7. computer-aided 8. textile 9. numerical
a) advancements b) exploration c) cells d) of mechanical systems
e) vehiclesf) converters g) simulation h) machinery i) engineering
6. Find the word in the right to form a simile:
1. as heavy as a) steel
2. as light as b) silk
3. as black as c)cheetah
4. as hard as d) ice
5. as cold e) sun
6. as white f) soot
7. as bright as g) mercury
8. as smooth as h) feather
9. as quick as i) diamond
10. as strong as j) snow
TALKING POINT
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