III. The Respiratory System. Respiration.
1. Why is respiration so important?
It is important, because it sustains life, and interruption of breathing causes death.
2. What gases are involved in breathing?
Breathing includes two main gases: oxygen and carbon dioxide.
3. What parts of the respiratory system does the air pass on its way to the alveoli?
Air is breathed through the mouth or nose into the oral cavity, or pharynx. It then passes through the voice box, or larynx, into the windpipe, or trachea. The trachea divides into two smaller tubes, bronchi.The bronchi divide into bronchioles, which lead directly to alveoli.
4. Describe the mechanism of breathing.
Respiration consists of rhythmically repeated inhalations and exhalations. An inhalation involves a contraction of muscles, an expansion of the lungs, and entrance of atmospheric air into the lungs through the air passages. Inhalation is followed by exhalation. The muscles relax, the lungs become compressed, the pressure in them rises and the air rushes out through the air passages.
5. What is inhalation/exhalation?
Inhalation is the process of taking in air containing oxygen, while exhalation is the process of giving out rich containing carbon dioxide.
6. How many respiratory movements do the people do?
An adult makes 16-20 respiratory movements per minute, children make more movements.
7. When does increased respiration occur?
Increases respiration occur Physical exerciseis, also observed in many diseases.
IV. The Structure and Function of the Digestive System.
1. Where is the largest cavity of the body situated?
The abdomen is the largest cavity of the body. It is surrounded by the thorax, two pelvic bones, lower ribs and the abdominal muscles, and it is also supported by the spinal column.
2. What organs does the abdominal cavity contain?
The organs of the abdominal cavity are the liver, the gall-bladder, the stomach, the intestines, the pancreas, the spleen, the kidneys and the bladder.
3. Why is the liver so important?
The liver is important, because it secretes bile which participates in the digestive process and some toxic substances are detoxified in the liver.
4. What does the gall-bladder serve for?
The gall-bladder serves as a bile reservoir.
5. What are the characteristics of the stomach?
The stomach lies under the left ribs. It serves as a container of food, which is partly digested in it. The size and shape of the stomach vary with amount of consumed food, and its capacity is some 1-2 litres.
|
|
|
6. How do we distinguish «small» and «large» intestines?
The small intestine is about 4 cm to 5cm, the large intestine is up to about 6 cm wide
7. What is digestion?
Digestion is the breakdown of food into smaller components that can be absorbed into the bloodstream.
8. What types of digestion do you know?
Digestive processes may be classified as salivary digestion, when occurring in the mouth; gastric digestion in the stomach; and intestinal digestion in the small intestine.
V. The Urinary System.
1. What is the urinary system?
The urinary system is the system which excretes the largest part of the waste products of the body.
2. What are the parts of the urinary system?
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra.
3. Where are the kidneys placed?
The kidneys are placed one on each side in the lumbar region of the spine, on the posterior abdominal wall.
4. What are the functions of the parenchyma of the kidney?
The parenchyma of the kidney are renal tubules. They have to excrete products of metabolism and control the concentrations of most body fluids.
5. What does the bladder serve for?
The bladder is a reservoir for urine.
6. Where is urine formed?
The urine is formed from many waste and harmful substances contained in the blood.
7. What does urine consist of?
The urine is normally composed of approximately 96 per cent water, urea and various salts.
VI. Our University
1. When was the BSMU founded?
Bashkir State Medical University was founded in 1932.
2. How many faculties are there in your university?
There are 5 faculties in our university – the faculty of general medicine, the faculty of dentistry, the faculty of pharmacy, the faculty of pediatrics, the faculty of preventive medicine.
3. What does the curriculum include in the first year?
The first-year curriculum includes such pre-clinical subjects as Anatomy, Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Histology, Latin, English and others.
4. What is the practical course at the end of first and second years?
At the end of the first and second years, students have a practical course, where they perform the duties of nurses.
|
|
|
5. What facilities do students have for study?
The students have all facilities for their life and study. There are four hostels, a lot of laboratories, a library, reading-rooms, canteen in our university.
6. How many terms is the academic year is divided into?
The academic year is divided into two terms.
7. Where can graduates continue their education?
Graduates can take three-five year residency course.
8. What faculty do you study at?
I study at the faculty of general medicine.
VI. Our University 1. When was the BSMU founded? 2. How many faculties are there in your university? 3. What does the curriculum include in the first year? 4. What is the practical course at the end of first and second years? 5. What facilities do students have for study? 6. How many terms is the academic year is divided into? 7. Where can graduates continue their education? 8. What faculty do you study at?
Our University
Bashkir State Medical University was founded in 1932. It trains doctors of different specialties.
There are 5 faculties in our university – the faculty of general medicine, the faculty of dentistry, the faculty of pharmacy, the faculty of pediatrics, the faculty of preventive medicine.
The first-year curriculum includes such pre-clinical subjects as Anatomy, Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Histology, Latin, English and others. Anatomy is the most important subject of the first year.
During the first two years the students get acquainted with the structure of the human body, the functions of different organs and all the processes which take place in the body.
From the third year medical students begin to study clinical subjects such as general surgery, pharmacology, internal diseases, eye diseases, traumatology, orthopedics and psychiatry.
The students have all facilities for their life and study. There are four hostels, a lot of laboratories, a library, reading-rooms, canteen in our university.
Every day students attend practical classes and lectures. They perform different laboratory works. There are two terms in the first year. Each term lasts for about 16-19 weeks.
|
|
|
The academic year is divided into two terms. After each term the students take examinations and have several credit tests.
At the end of the first and second years, students have a practical course, where they perform the duties of nurses. After their fourth and fifth years they work as doctor’s assistant at the department of internal diseases, obstetrics, surgical department.
At the end of the sixth year, students take a final state examination and get their diploma, which certifies them as doctors. After receiving a diploma, students can take three-five year residency course.
VII. Coronary heart diseases
1. What coronary heart diseases do you know?
There are 4 main types ofcoronary heart diseases: angina, unstable angina, myocardial infarction and sudden blockage.
2. What does the sudden blockage of the coronary artery result in?
Any sudden blockage of one of the coronary arteries deprives that section of the heart of its blood supply.
3. What are the conditions caused by coronary occlusion?
The conditions caused by coronary occlusion are hypertension and angina pectoris.
4. What is angina pectoris?
Angina pectoris is a pain in the heart. It is referred to the left arm and shoulder.
5. What do people experience in this condition and how is it treated?
Fortunately, the great majority of coronary diseases patients recover if they receive proper treatment.
6. What does Hypertension mean?
Hypertension mean high blood pressure.
7. What are the causes of hypertension?
There are some causes of hypertension: kidney disease; excessive narrowing of arteries, diet, obesity and others.
VIII. Respiratory infections
1. Why are respiratory infections so dangerous?
Respiratory infections stand third as a cause of deaths.
2. What parts of the respiratory tract are infected more often?
The upper structures of the respiratory tract are infected more often
3. What does chronic bronchitis mean?
Excessive production of mucus by ciliated mucous membrane causes the condition known as chronic bronchitis
|
|
|
4. What is the most important symptom of the chronic bronchitis?
Frequent coughing is the most important symptom of chronic bronchitis.
5. What is the main treatment of the chronic bronchitis?
The main treatment of chronic bronchitis consists of eliminating the irritation that causes it.
6. What does the term “catarrh” indicate?
The term “catarrh” indicates a chronic state of inflammation.
IX. Diseases of the abdomen
1. What does jaundice mean?
Jaundice is a term used to describe a yellowish tinge to the skin and the whites of the eye.
2. How many types of jaundice are there?
Jaundice is divided into three main types: obstructive jaundice, hepatocellular jaundice, hemolytic jaundice.
3. What procedure has to be performed to diagnose a liver diseases?
Jaundice is the most obvious symptom of liver disease.The fact that sera from different cases of jaundice can give different types of reaction is used for differentiating between different types of jaundice.
4. Why is ulcer a common condition?
Ulcer is a common condition. A peptic ulcer is an erosion in the lining of the digestive tract as a result of the action of the enzyme pepsin.
5. What causes ulcers?
Ulcers causes the action of the enzyme pepsin, the second factor is emotional stress.
6. What does the patient usually complain in the case of ulcers?
The patient usually complains of a pain after meals (within the first hour in case of gastric ulcer, from three to four hours after meal in duodenal ulcer).
7. What is the treatment of ulcers?
The patient should have a proper diet and a prompt treatment.
X. Kidney diseases
1. Which parts of the kidney are susceptible to disease?
There are three parts of the kidney which are susceptible to disease: the glomeruli, the tubules and the blood vessels.
2. What is glomerulonephritis?
The disease in which the glomeruli are particularly involved is called glomerulonephritis. In glomerulo-nephritis, the glomeruli become clogged so that the blood no longer flows through them.
3. Why is a clearance test used?
A clearance test will show that smaller quantities of filtrate are formed than normally.
4. How do we call diseases involving the tubules?
Diseases involving the tubules are called nephroses.
5. What causes Bright’s disease?
Bright’s disease causesalbumin in the urine.
6.What is athero-sclerosis of the kidney?
Athero-sclerosis of the kidney is a reducing the total blood flow through the kidney's blood vessels.
7. Why are stones in the kidneys so dangerous?
Stones in kidneys can be carried for years producing no symptoms. If the stone is large, or several are present, the infection may progress to a pyelonephrosis, resulting in the destruction and loss of the kidney.
Дата добавления: 2021-01-20; просмотров: 335; Мы поможем в написании вашей работы! |
Мы поможем в написании ваших работ!