The Hardy Boys Mystery Stories 6 страница

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Прочитайте тексты и установите соответствие между текстами и их заголовками: к каждому тексту, обозначенному буквами A–G, подберите соответствующий заголовок, обозначенный цифрами 1–8. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании есть один лишний заголовок.

1.	Adding colours
2.	A craftsman’s present
3.	The main tree of the country
4.	The legend of the Christmas tree

5.	Technical progress
6.	Popular Christmas dishes
7.	An order to celebrate
8.	Decorating from top to bottom

A.	There are several stories which tell us why people decorate Christmas trees at home. One of them is about Martin Luther, the founder of the protestant faith. While he was walking through a forest on a Christmas Eve, he looked up and was impressed by the beauty of stars that were shining through the tree branches. He cut down a small tree and took it home. There, he decorated the tree with candles as a present for his family.
B.	The tradition of decorating a Christmas tree comes from Germany. Until the 17^th century, people followed strict rules when they decorated their Christmas tree. Firstly, a star was fixed on the top. Then people hung apples on lower branches of the tree. Finally, they placed biscuits, gingerbread and sweets underneath. The Christmas tree in the fairy tale Nutcracker was decorated in exactly this way.
C.	Later, the order of decorations lost its importance. The first decorations were all hand-made and good to eat but rather dull. To make the tree look brighter people wrapped nuts and gingerbread in metal foil and also made painted wooden toys. To illuminate the tree small candles were stuck to the branches. To protect the tree from fire, the candles were placed inside glass stands.
D.	The Christmas tree tradition came to Russia with Peter the Great in the 18^th century. He enjoyed the celebration tradition in Germany and issued a law according to which all the families had to decorate their houses with pine tree branches. It was also announced that people should have fun on that day. Peter the Great also decided to move the New Year date from 1^st September to 1^st January.
E.	The most popular Christmas decoration was invented by a German glass-blower who made a ball and decorated it with angel figures and snowflakes. He gave it as a gift to his daughter. The girl decided to put the ball on the Christmas tree. It was so beautiful that the glass-blower made many more decorated balls. It is believed that this man started the tradition of decorating the tree with coloured glass balls.
F.	In the 18^th century, people started decorating Christmas trees with candles. Later, with the discovery of electricity, electric lights were put on Christmas trees. It was Edward Johnson, an assistant of Thomas Edison, who first used electric lights for Christmas tree decoration. People liked his idea. However, it took several years before the electric lights became available to the general public.
G.	Nowadays Christmas trees are found everywhere – in houses, on the streets and squares. Most of them are artificial trees. However, in the centre of Moscow, in the Kremlin, you can always see a natural Christmas tree. The tree is carefully chosen in the forest – it should be tall and beautiful. Professional designers decorate it to create an unforgettable fairytale tree for thousands of children and their parents.

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1.	A bright fountain
2.	Who lives there
3.	What would happen if …
4.	Once upon a time it was green

5.	A dry land
6.	White on blue
7.	The discovery of the continent
8.	Environmentally friendly

A.	Antarctica has no government and no country owns this continent. It is the only region on earth which is not ruled by any nation. There are no local people in Antarctica. However, in the summer season, more than four thousand scientists from different countries come to study the mysterious region while one thousand stay there in the winter season. The scientific bases are the only ‘settlements’ with residents who stay for several months or a year.
B.	Antarctica is a huge desert, despite the fact that it holds 70 percent of the world's fresh water. Usually, no more than six centimeters of rain fall per year. Most of this falls in the eastern part of the continent. These figures are comparable to those of the Sahara desert. Some parts of Antarctica have had no rain or snow for the last 2 million years.
C.	You will be surprised to know that Antarctica was found just 200 years ago. The ancient Greeks did not mark Antarctica on their maps. It was only in 1820, when travellers found this icy white continent by accident. The captain of the Imperial Russian Navy, Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen, was the first person who saw Antarctica from his ship. It was on 27th January 1820.
D.	Antarctica contains about 90 percent of the world's ice. Antarctica has 8 times more ice than the Arctic. If all of the Antarctic ice melted, the sea level around the world would rise about 70 meters. But the average temperature in Antarctica is –37°C and the ice is in no danger of melting so far. In fact, in most parts of the continent it never gets above freezing.
E.	Since Antarctica is not a country, it has neither a state emblem nor an official flag. However in 2002, a special flag was approved by the Antarctic Treaty Organization. The design of the flag was suggested by Graham Bartram who used the flag of the United Nations as its basic pattern. The white image of Antarctica on the blue background looks simple and elegant. Nowadays it is used as an informal flag of the continent.
F.	Fifty million years ago Antarctica had a mild climate, evergreen forests and many more kinds of animals than it has today. Due to continental drift, Antarctica moved from the equator to the South Pole, where it is today. Nowadays, Antarctica is the coldest continent on the planet and almost completely covered with a layer of ice. However, its wildlife is quite diverse: from emperor penguins, southern elephant seals, humpback whales to small bugs in the coastal areas.
G.	Antarctica is covered with thick snow. Everything around is white, but in the McMurdo Valley there is ‘a Bloody Waterfall’ or ‘Blood Fall’. This waterfall is actually glacier water which is red-colored like blood. Microbes, which can live there without light and oxygen, give it the red colour. They just eat the iron and sulfur in the water. When the water comes out from the surface of the ice, it looks like a small red waterfall.

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1.	Tasty, sweet and full of water
2.	We have to do something
3.	Vital for human life and health
4.	Good for fun

5.	They do a lot for our planet
6.	Sometimes it means a problem
7.	The advantages of bottled water
8.	Water fact file

A.	Water is essential for life on the Earth. All animals, plants and humans need water to survive. Water is made up of two elements, hydrogen and oxygen. Its chemical formula is H₂O. It has three different states, liquid, solid and gas, depending on the temperature. The earth works as a closed system and it rarely loses or gains extra matter. The same water that existed on the planet millions of years ago is still here today.
B.	It is believed that 70 percent of an adult’s body is made up of water. Even the bones contain 31 percent of water. A person can live without food for about a month, but less than a week without water. Lack of water can be responsible for heart attacks, depression and fatigue. While the daily recommended amount of water is eight cups per day, not all of this water must be consumed in liquid form. Nearly all food or drink provides some water to the body.
C.	The oceans cover over three quarters of our planet and hold 97 percent of the planet’s water. The three largest oceans on the Earth are the Pacific Ocean (the largest one), the Atlantic Ocean, and the Indian Ocean. The smallest is the Arctic Ocean. Due to the oceans, the Earth is a unique place and it looks wonderful from space. The oceans are also the lifeblood of the Earth. They produce more than half of the oxygen in the atmosphere, and absorb the carbon from it.
D.	Water suitable for drinking is a major problem in poorer areas of the world. A lot of people do not have access to clean natural or bottled water and over 3 million people die every year from water related diseases. Pollution poisons the most important resource for our life. It's high time we took steps to cut down the negative effects of water pollution. Some strict protection measures should be taken to stop turning the Earth into a 'dirty blue planet'.
E.	Water gives people the opportunity not only to live, but to work and relax too! People enjoy themselves at seaside resorts or on cruise trips. Water sports are a very popular recreational activity nowadays. These include swimming, surfing and waterskiing. Ice and snow are necessary for ice skating, ice hockey, skiing and snowboarding.
F.	A watermelon contains about 6 percent of sugar and 92 percent of water. The high water content of watermelons makes them ideal as a refreshing summer food. They keep people healthy, their skin fresh, and they can clean the kidneys of toxins. There are more than 1200 kinds of watermelon that come in various weights, shapes, sizes and colours. Watermelons can be red, orange, yellow and even white.
G.	Expressions about water are almost as common as water itself. But many of the expressions with the word water have unpleasant meanings. The old expression to be in hot water is one of them. Hot water was used five-hundred years ago to mean being in trouble. One story says it got that meaning from the custom of throwing extremely hot water down on enemies attacking a castle. This certainly does not happen any more but when we are in hot water, we are in trouble, serious or not so serious.

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1.	Fictional characters also love it
2.	How to make ice cream colourful
3.	Can be good for health
4.	What it is made of

5.	The origin of ice cream
6.	Ice cream official events
7.	The unique taste of the ice cream
8.	Now available for everyone

A.	Ice cream is an iced dessert generally made from dairy products. Most historians think that this dessert was brought to Europe from China. A dish similar to ice cream was made in China around 200 B.C. The earliest references to ice cream in Europe are connected with Nero, a Roman emperor. He ordered ice from the mountains and mixed it with milk and then added fruit toppings to it.
B.	In the old days, before refrigerators became common kitchen equipment, ice cream was a dish only for the rich, and royalty. It was not an everyday food – it was eaten on special occasions and was very expensive. The development of refrigeration technology quickly made ice cream a commonly enjoyed dessert around the world. Today, people can easily make ice cream at home with the help of portable ice cream makers.
C.	The most important ingredients in ice cream are milk, sugar and... air. Without air mixed in, ice cream would be as hard as a rock, not much different from flavored ice. The quality of an ice cream depends on the amount of air in it. Sugar and fats are important too. Sugar in ice cream lowers its melting point, and the fats are responsible for its creamy texture.
D.	According to scientists, ice cream contains vitamins, calcium, proteins and other useful substances for the body. A huge amount of calcium makes this product extremely valuable. Due to the calcium, ice cream can strengthen bones, normalize blood pressure and support the immune system. The cold dessert can be a part of breakfast, lunch and dinner.
E.	Russians are great consumers of ice cream. They love sweets in general and they can eat ice cream in any season no matter how cold it is. The flavour of Russian ice cream is special. It’s much creamier than the low-calorie stuff people are used to in Western countries. True, it contains more fat but it is tastier. The most popular kinds of ice cream in Russia are plombir and eskimo.
F.	Americans consume more ice cream per person than any other nation on the planet, especially in summer time. July is a month when Americans have lots of ice cream festivals and different events dedicated to the sweet dessert. Moreover, the third Sunday of the month is National Ice Cream Day. Ice cream stores and factories throughout the country come up with all sorts of ice cream in different designs and colours.
G.	There are many references to ice cream in different books. One of them is Roald Dahl’s story ‘Charlie and the Chocolate Factory’. There, Grandpa Joe tells his grandson about Mr Wonka and his magical chocolate inventions – the chocolate ice cream that never melts, even under the hot sun. In the famous Harry Potter novels, ice cream is often mentioned as a favourite dessert of the young magicians. Harry, Ron, and Hermione often enjoyed strawberry-and-peanut-butter ice creams.

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1.	A favourite of the film industry
2.	Ideal for travelling around the city
3.	Be polite on the Tube
4.	Ghost stations

5.	A way to save money
6.	It started black and narrow
7.	New design of the Underground trains
8.	The diagram so as not to get lost

A.	The London Underground, or the Tube, is a great means of getting around the UK capital. It is popular with locals and visitors because it is quick, easy, convenient and safe. The Tube has 11 lines and 275 stations. The walking distance between two underground stops in central London is never more than 10 minutes, sometimes less. It’s never a problem to find one. Underground trains on all lines run every few minutes between 5.30 until 00:30, Monday to Saturday, and between 7.30–23.30 on Sundays.
B.	The London underground railway system was proposed by Charles Pearson in 1843. Twenty years later the first line was opened for traffic. In the early days, the trains were driven by steam locomotives which burnt coal and filled the tunnels with smoke. The tunnels of the first underground were made as narrow and low as possible in order to reduce the construction costs. The small size and the circular shape of its tunnels gave the underground the name The Tube.
C.	In 1931, Harry Beck, who did some engineering jobs for the Underground, designed an unusual graphic map of the Tube. He suggested a map that displayed all the lines and stations but ignored the distances. Beck’s map looked like an electrical diagram because of the lines that went horizontally, diagonally or at different angles. Each line had a different colour. The map clearly explained how to get to the station you needed and where to change lines. City transport systems all over the world, including New York, St Petersburg, and Sydney, have used Beck's idea to make maps of their own systems.
D.	There are 275 functioning stations across the Underground network, but at least 40 overground and underground stations are no longer used for travel. If you look through the window of the train, you may notice platforms at which trains never stop and no passengers get on or off. They are not marked on the Tube map. They are like phantoms which remind us of the past history. Some of them have really interesting and scary stories to tell.
E.	Aldwych, a closed station on the London Underground, is located in Central London. It is certainly the most 'busy' of the ghost stations of the Tube. It is used by film and television companies who find it an ideal place for shooting detective stories, thrillers and adventure films. Among the famous films that were shot at Aldwych station are Superman IV, Patriot Games, V for Vendetta, Sherlock and others.
F.	The original London underground trains had three different classes. In those days they cost three, four and six pence for a single journey. Today a single journey in Zone 1 costs £4.50 if you pay cash. However, there are a lot of opportunities to get a reduced price ticket. Just buy a day travel card or avoid travelling at rush hours. If you travel regularly by the Underground, a season ticket will be the best option. Most Londoners buy weekly, monthly or annual tickets.
G.	When you travel by the Underground bear in mind that it is considered impolite to stare at the other passengers. It’s rude and it may get you into trouble. Talking and laughing loudly is not encouraged either. It’s not a good idea to eat your hamburger or ice-cream on the train – you can spoil other passengers’ clothes. And it’s always a good gesture to give up your seat to an elderly passenger if necessary.

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