BASIC CRITERIA OF SEMANTIC DERIVATION IN CONVERSION
1. The criterion of the non-correspondence between the lexical meaning of the root-morpheme and the part-of-speech meaning of the stem in a conversation pair e.g. In the pair father (n) – father (v)
· The verb to father denoted a process so the part-of-speech meaning of its stem doesn’t correspond to the lexical meaning of the root which is of a substantive character.
2. The synonymity criterion is based on the comparison of a conversional pair with synonymous word-pairs. E.g. the pair chat (v) – chat (n) with the synonymous pair to comverse – conversation
3. The criterion of derivational relations.
· In the word-cluster, e.g. hand (n) – hand (v) – handful – handy derived words of the 1st degree have suffixes added to the base: handful, handy.
· The noun hand is the center of the word-cluster. The v to hand is the derives member in the conversion pair.
4. The criterion of semantic derivation is based on semantic relations within conversion pairs. E.g. semantic relations between crowd (n) – crowd (v) as those of ‘an obj and an action characteristic of the obj’. So, the verb crowd is the derived member.
5. The criterion of the frequency of occurrence. A lower frequency value confirms the derived character of the word in question.
6. The transformation criterion change of a predicative into a nominal syntagma: Roy loves nature -> Roy’s love of nature. The n love is the derived.
OR: the committee elected John into John’s election by the committee -> the word election is a derived one.
· Nouns can’t be derived from the corresponding verbal base, e.g. She bosses the establishment -> *Her boss of the establishment.
WORD-COMPOSITION. TYPES OF MEANING OF COMPOUND WORDS
É Word-composition is the type of word formation where new words are produced by combining Immediate Constituents (ICs), both derivational bases. It represents bases of all 3 structural types:
1) Bases that coincide with morphological stems;
2) Bases that coincide with word-forms;
3) Bases that coincide with word-groups
É The bases built on stems mb of different degrees of complexity:
1) Simple week-end;
2) Derived letter-writer
3) Compound aircraft-carrier.
É The structural meaning of compounds is formed on the base of:
1) The meaning of their distributional pattern
2) -//- of derivational
1. ICs signals the compound words of different lexical meanings a fruit-market (‘market where fruit is sold’) and market-fruit (‘fruit designed for selling’)
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2. Derivational patterns in compounds mb monosemantic and polysemantic. The pattern n + n – » N has semantic features :
1) Of purpose bookshelf
2) Of resemblance needlefish
3) Of instrument windmill, sunrise
É The lexical meaning of compounds is based on their components.
É The lexical meaning of both components create a new semantic nit
É The lexical meaning of the compound word handbag is not essentially ‘a bag designed to be carries in the hand’ but ‘a women’s small bag to carry everyday stuff’.
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPOUND WORDS
1. Coordinate compounds fall into 3 groups:
· Reduplicative compounds made up by the repetition of the same base pooh-pooh, fifty-fifty;
· Joined rhythmic twin forms chit-chat, zig-zag, walkie-talkie, clap-trap
· Additive compounds are of the same part of speech functioning independently actor-manager, queen-bee
2. Subordinative compounds based on the domination of the head-member (2nd) stone-deaf, age-long.
According to the part of speech compounds represent they fall into:
· Compound nouns sunbeam, maidservant
· Comp adj heart-free, far-reaching
· Comp pronouns somebody, nothing
· Comp adv nowhere, inside
· Comp verbs to offset, to bypass, to mass-produce
3. According to the means of composition:
· Compounds without connecting elements heartache, dog-house
· With the help of a vowel/consonant as a linking element handicraft, speedometer, statesman,
· With the help of preposition or conjunction stems son-in-law, pepper-and-salt
4. According to the types of bases
· Compound proper formed by joining bases door-step, street-fighting, blackbird, sunflower
· Derivational compounds formed by joining
a) Affixes long-leggED, a turnkey (conversion), left-handER
b) Conversion – 3 types of phrases: verbal-adv (a breakdown), verbal-nominal (a kill-joy), attributive (a sweet-tooth)
c) Contracted (words have shortened stem in their structure V-day (victory day), TV-set (program, show, canal), H-bag (handbag).
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