THE SYSTEM OF EDUCATION IN GREAT BRITAIN
The system of education in any country is aimed at developing a personality for the good of the individual and society as a whole.
Pre-school education in England begins at the age of 3 or 4. Around half of the children at this age attend nursery schools or playgroups mostly organised by parents. Children of this age need care as well as education. That's why.' kids play a lot, learn to Esten attentively and to behave.
Compulsory primary education begins at the age of five in England, Wales and Scotland and at four in Northern Ireland. Children start their school career in an in fant school. Lessons start at 9 a. m. and are over at 4 p.m.; They are taught «3 R's»: Reading, wRiting, aRithmetic. Pupils have a lot of fun at school, drawing, reading, dancing or singing.
When they are 7 pupils move to a junior school, which lasts four years till they are 11. They study a lot of subjects: English, Mathematics, Science, History, Geography along with Technology, Music, Art and Physical education
Most of children (over 90 per cent) go to state schools where education is free. Only a small proportion of them attend private (Public) or independent schools..Parents have to pay for the education at these schools. The fees are high and only some families can afford it. So such schools are for the representatives of the high class of England. The most notable Public schools are Eton, Harrow, Winchester, Rugby.
Secondary education begins at 11. The majority of secondary schools are Comprehensive schools where boys and girls study together. Besides, parents can take their sons and daughters to Grammar schools or Secondary Modem Schools.
Grammar schools provide an academic course from 11 to 18. They prepare pupils for colleges and universities. Many children of working class families go to Modern schools. They give a very limited education. Pupils get instruction in woodwork, metalwork, sewing, shorthand, typing and cooking. After finishing such a school a pupil becomes an unskilled worker.
The Comprehensive Schools have their own «Grammar school» classes and «Modern classes»
Every pupil has to choose a set of subjects to learn. If he takes up Art he will study English Literature, Music, Art, Drama and foreign languages. If he is good at exact and natural sciences, he will learn Science: Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Biology- Geography, Economics and Technical Drawing.
The British, government encourages careers education in the country. That's why secondary schools try to break down the barriers between education and business. They set up close links with firms to allow their students to take part in business activities.
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„ At around 16 years old teenagers take some exams and course work to get General Certificate of Education. Those who choose to stay on at school usually study for two further years to pass A level (Advanced level) exams. These exams will give them a chance to enter the university.
Words
to be aimed to — преследовать цель
pre-school — дошкольное
to attend — посещать
nursery school —
compulsory — обязательный
primary education — начальное образование
infant school — подготовительная школа
junior school — начальная школа
science — естествознание
secondary education — среднее образование
limited — ограниченный
sewing — шитье
shorthand — стенография
unskilled — неквалифицированный
to encourage — поощрять
link — связь
Questions
1) What is a system of education aimed to?
2) When does the pre-school education in England begin in England, Wales and North Ireland?
3) When does the compulsory education begin in Eng-"' land?
4) What are «3R's» of the infant school?
5) What are the most famous Public schools in England?
6) What are Grammar and Comprehensive schools?
7) What are Modern schools?
8) Are there compulsory subjects in UK?
9) What exams must be taken to enter the University?
UNIVERSITY EDUCATION IN GREAT BRITAIN
There are more than 60 universities in Britain. But not all universities are equal. They differ from one another in history, tradition, academic organization. Not all British universities have a well-known reputation. Oxford and Cambridge, the oldest universities, are world-known for their academic excellence. The University of London has the size and breadth to rank among the UK's top universities. A university usually consists of colleges. The departments of the colleges are organised into faculties.
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University teaching in the UK differs greatly at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels from that in many other countries. An undergraduate programme consists of a series of lectures, seminars, tutorials and laboratory classes which in total account for about 15 hours per week.
Following a particular programme students take series of lecture courses which may last one academic term of the whole year. Associated with each lecture course are seminars, tutorials, laboratory classes which illustrate the topics presented in the lectures. Lectures are given to large groups of students (from 20 to 200). Seminars and tutorials are much smaller than lecture classes and in some departments can be on a one- to-one basis (one member of staff and one student).
Students prepare work in advance for seminars and tutorials. And this can take the form of a topic for discussion by writing essays or by solving problems.
Lectures, seminars and tutorials are all one hour in length, laboratory classes last two or three hours. Each student has a tutor whom he can consult on any matter whether academic or personal.
The academic year is split into three terms. Formal teaching takes place in the first two terms which last for twenty four weeks in total. The third term is reserved for classes and examinations and lasts for six weeks.
Universities teach in all major subject areas: arts, science, law, engineering, medicine, social sciences.
University staff are chosen for the best knowledge in their subject. The teaching encourages students to learn in the most effective way. University degree courses extend from three to four years. After three years of study at the University graduates will leave with the Degree of Bachelor of Arts or Science. They can continue to take their Master's Degree and then the Doctor's Degree.
Words
equal — равный
breadth — широта
rank — ранг
undergraduate — студенческий уровень обучения
postgraduate — аспирантский (магистерский) уровень обучения
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levels — уровни
tutorials — индивидуальные консультации с преподавателем
per week — в неделю
account — счет
following — следующие
series — зд. ряд
particular — определенный, конкретный
in advance — заранее
staff — зд. профессорско-преподавательский состав
length — длительность, протяженность
to last — длиться
tutor — репетитор, наставник
to be split into — делиться на
to encourage — поощрять, стимулировать
to graduate — оканчивать учебное заведение
Degree — степень
Bachelor of Arts — бакалавр искусств
Bachelor of Science — бакалавр наук
Master's Degree — степень магистра
Doctor's Degree — степень доктора
Questions
1) How many universities are there in UK?
2) What are two the most famous universities in Britain?
3) What are two levels in university teaching?
4) What are the forms of study in British universities?
5) What areas do universities teach?
6) How many degrees do a British universities offer?
ISAAK NEWTON
The great English scientist Isaac Newton was born in the village of Woolthorpe, not far from the university town Cambridge on December 25.1642. Little Isaac was left to the care of his mother, grandmother and uncle who sent him to school. In his early years young Isaac made various things. He made a clock that worked by water. He also made a sun-dial. When Isaac grew older, he took a considerable interest in mathematics. His ability as mathematician and physicist was very important. His first physical experiment was carried out when he was sixteen years old.
On June 5, 1661 Newton entered the University of Cambridge where he studied mathematics. Soon he became famous for his contribution to mathematics by the time he was twenty-one. When Newton was twenty-two years old he began studying the theory of gravitation. In 1665, while he was on a visit in his native village, he saw an apple fall from a tree and began wondering what force made the apple fall.
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At Cambridge Newton read with great interest the writings of Galileo, he knew the geometry-of Descartes, he worked out the methods of calculus. So when he began to think «of gravity extending to the orbit of the moon» he immediately put this idea to the test of calculation. Newton performed many experiments with light and found that white light was made up of rays of different colours. He invented a reflecting telescope, that was very small in diameter but magnified objects to forty diameters. Newton developed a mathematical method which is known as the Binomial Theorem and also differential and integral calculus.
In 1669 Newton was appointed professor and began lectures on mathematics and optics at Cambridge and continued his work on the problem of gravitation. In 1673 Newton, gathered together all his earlier calculations and succeeded in completing his whole theory. He examined the attraction of one mass by another. He showed that a massive sphere here attracts another as if the whole mass were in the centre. This was of great importance it enabled Newton to treat the problems of the sun, the moon and earth like problems of geometry. He at last justified the method of treatment which he had first adopted for the problem of the Earth and Moon. The proof of his universe square law was not complete. He had demonstrated that the gravitation of the earth extends as far as the moon and keeps it in its orbit. He demonstrated that this pull is in accordance with the same law as that by which a stone falls to the ground, namely gravity. Newton's great work «Elements of Natural Philosophy» was published only in the middle of 1687.
Newton's law of universe squares joined in one simple mathematical statement the behaviour of the planets as well as 42 of bodies on this earth. It was the first synthesis of physical knowledge. As such his contribution to science is unique. Isaac Newton died In 1727 at the age of 85. He was buried with honours as a national hero. It was the first time that national honours of this kind had been accorded in England to a man of science.
Words
Isaac Newton — Исаак Ньютон
Galileo — Галилео
Descartes — Декарт Рене, французский ученый, 1596-1650
calculus — исчисление
to put smth. to test — подвергнуть что-либо испытанию, проверить
reflect — отражать
Binomial Theorem — бином Ньютона
the differential and integral calculus — дифференциальное и интегральное исчисление
universe square law — закон равенства действия и противодействия
in accordance with — в соответствии с « Elements of Natural Philosophy » — « Математические начала натуральной философии»
the law of gravitation — закон тяготения
Questions
1. Was Isaac Newton a bright child?
2. When did Newton begin to study theory of gravitation?
3. What did Newton find about white light?
4. How did Newton demonstrate his discovery?
5. What did Newton's law of universe square join?
6. Where was he buried?
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