This car is better than that. That bike is old .
д) с существительными, за которыми следует количественное числительное, обозначающее номер:
Read the text on page eight.
Неопределенный артикль а необходим в конструкциях:
I have a… This is a… I am a… What a fine day?
I see a… There is a… He is a… What a good boy!
Определенный артикль the
Определенный артикль the выделяет предмет или предметы из класса им подобных:
The book I bought yesterday was interesting — Книга, которую я купил вчера, была интересной (это — конкретная книга, которую говорящий выделяет из класса ей подобных).
Определенный артикль the употребляется как с исчисляемыми, так и с неисчисляемыми существительными, как с единственным, так и с множественным числом.
Например: This is a book. The book is interesting (исчисляемое в единственном числе).
This is meat. The meat is fresh, (неисчисляемое)
These are books. The books are good, (множественное число).
Определенный артикль употребляется:
а) когда известно (из контекста, из окружающей обстановки) о каком предмете (предметах, явлениях) идет речь: Open the door , please . I am going to the college .
б) когда речь идет о единственном в своем роде предмете или явлении: The moon is bright this night .
в) когда существительное имеет ограничивающее определение, чаще всего с предлогом of.
I don't know the name of this pupil.
г) в словосочетаниях типа in the north, to the west, at the cinema, the same, in the country, the rest of the...
д) если перед существительным стоит прилагательное в превосходной степени
This is the most interesting book.
Географические названия и артикль
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С географическими названиями и с именами собственными, артикль, как правило, не употребляется, кроме следующих случаев:
а) с названиями морей, рек, океанов, горных хребтов, групп островов используется определенный артикль: the Pacific Ocean , the Black Sea , the Thames , the British Isles .
б) определенный артикль используется с несколькими названиями стран, областей и городов, (хотя обычно с этими типами названий артикль не используется):
the Ukraine, the Crimea, the Caucasus, the Netherlands, the Hague, the Riviera, the Congo, the West Indies
в) определенный артикль используется с названиями стран типа:
the Russian Federation, the United States of America, the United Kingdom.
г) перед собирательным именем семьи: The Pet - rovs — Петровы
Запомните: артикль не нужен в сочетаниях со словами next и last типа:
next week, next year, last month, last Tuesday
Задание 5.1. Объясните наличие или отсутствие артикля перед существительными.
1. Last week I met my friend. He was with a young girl. The girl was a student of our Academy. 2. This is a pencil. The pencil is red. 3. She is a teacher. She is our teacher of English. 4. It is a lake. The lake is deep. It's one of the deepest lakes in the world. 5. There are many flowers in your garden. The flowers are beautiful. 6. Did you write a plan? Give me your plan, please. 7. The Black Sea is in the South of Russia. 8. This is Nick. He works as an engineer. He is a good engineer. 9. There are some schools in our street. The schools are new. 10. Yury Gagarin was the first cosmonaut of the world. 11. In summer the sky is blue and the sun shines brightly. 12. The Petrovs are very friendly. 13.This is Ann's book. I don't like such books. 14. Winter begins in December.
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Задание 5.2. Вставьте артикли a , an , the где необходимо:
1. This... pencil is broken. Give me that... pencil, please. 2. I have ... ten programmes on my TV. 3. My friend has... car.... car is broken now. 4. I got... letter from my friend yesterday.... letter was very long. 5. She has two... daughters and one... son. Her... son is... student. 6. My... brother's... friend has no... dog. 7. This is... house.... house is white. 8. They have... party.... party is... a birthday party. 9. I read ... good book yesterday. ... book was interesting and funny.
Задание 5.3. Вставьте артикли a , an , the ,где необходимо:
1. Yesterday I saw... new film, but... film wasn't very interesting. 2. Moscow is sitiated on... Moskva river and London is situated on... Thames. 3. Yuri Gagarin was... first man to fly over... Earth in spaceship. 4. My sister will go to school... next year. 5. In.., summer we went to ...Black Sea. 6. ... New York is one of the biggest business centers in the world. 7. ... Lomonosov was... great Russian scientist. He was born in... small village on... shore of... White Sea. 8.....Peter's brother is... worker and we are... students. 9. What... strange man he is! 10. In... summer we live in... country. 11....Russia is one of.... largest countries of the world. 12. Is your dress made of... wool or... cotton? — It's made of silk.
Задание 5А. Вставьте артикли a , an , the,где необходимо:
1. What... fine day it is today! 2.... History and ... Computer Science were ... my favourite subjects at... school. 3. I don't know ... way to... station. 4. He is... engineer by... profession. 5. Usually I get up at ... 7 o'clock in... morning. 6.... Rostov is on... right bank of... Don. 7. Will you have... cup of... tea? 8. ...Warsaw is ... capital of Poland. 9. We shall go to...cinema together with... our friends. 10. This is... book,... book is very interesting. 11. Do you see... sun in... sky today? 12. He is... engineer by...profession. 13.1 went to... Smirnovs, but they were not at... home.
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Задание 5.5. Употребите, где требуется, артикли: a, an, the.
1... .Volga is... longest river in... Europe. 2. What is.. .nearest way to... Drama Theatre? 3…butter and...cheese are made of... milk. 4. Usually I get up at... 7 o'clock in... morning. 5....Rostov is situated on... Don. 6. Will you have... cup of... tea? 7.
Задание 5.6. Переведите на английский язык, обращая внимание на употребление артикля.
1. Какой прекрасный цветок! 2. Какой хороший друг! 3. Вчера Ивановы уехали в Киев. 4. Вечером наша семья дома. 5. Москва — столица России. 6. Это — мой дом. Дом — новый 7. Летом мы жили в деревне на реке Дон. 8. Он учитель или инженер по профессии? 9. Мы — студенты колледжа. 10. Посмотрите на картинку на странице десять.
Задание 5.7. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
ABOUT MYSELF
My name is Marina Suvorova. I am 15.1 was born on the 5th of March, 1985 in Rostov-on-Don. Now I live in Rostov with my parents and my grandmother.
My family is not very large. We have five people in our family. My father's name is Igor Petrovich He is forty years old. He is a doctor and he works at a hospital. My mother's name is Lyudmila Leonidovna. She is thirty nine years old. She is a housewife. My younger sister is a pupil. She is in the seventh form. My grandmother lives with us. She doesn't work. She is a pensioner. I love my family. We are all friends and we love each other.
I have one aunt and two uncles. Their children are my cousins.
We live in a big flat in a new house. There are four rooms in our flat: a living room, a study, a kitchen, a bathroom and two bedrooms. We have all modern conveniences: gas, hot water, running water, electricity and telephone.
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I have my duties about the house. I must go shopping. I help my Mother to clean the rooms. It's not difficult for me. I like our home to be clean and tidy.
I am a student of the college now. We have many good teachers at our college. I try to be a good pupil and I do well in all subjects. But my favourite subject is English. I spend much time on it. I like reading. I like detective stories but I prefer to read historical novels or modern writers.
I have many friends. Many of them are my classmates. We spend much time together, go for a walk, talk about lessons, music and discuss our problems.
I like to listen to modern music, but sometimes I like to listen to some classical music. My favourite composer is Tchaikovsky. I haven't much time to watch TV but sometimes I spend an hour or two watching an interesting film or a news programme. In the evening I often read newspapers or an interesting book. I like fresh air and exercises, but I have not much time to go in for sports.
Words
parents — родители
a housewife — домохозяйка
younger — младшая
a pensioner — пенсионер
an aunt — тетя
an uncle — дядя
a cousin — кузен, кузина
living room — жилая комната
a study — кабинет
a bathroom — ванная, туалет
a bedroom— спальня
modern — современный
conveniences — удобства
running water — холодная вода
duties — обязанности
to go shopping — ходить за покупками
tidy — опрятный
to try — стараться, пытаться
favourite — любимый
to do well — зд . успевать
favourite — любимый
to prefer — предпочитать
to spend — проводить, тратить
sometimes — иногда
an hour — час
fresh — свежий
go in for sports — заниматься спортом
Задание 5,8. Ответьте на вопросы.
1. What is your name?
2. Where and when were you born?
3. How old are you?
4. Where do you live?
5. Have you got a family?
6. How large is your family?
7. Do you have brothers, sisters, grandparents in your family?
8. What are your father and mother?
9. How many rooms are there in your flat?
10. What modern conveniences have you got in your flat?
11. What are your duties about the house?
12. What is your favourite subject at the college?
13. What books do you like to read?
14. What music do you like to listen to?
15. Do you go in for sports?
16. What sport do you go in for?
Задание 5.9. Найдите эквиваленты интернациональных слов.
hospital ['hospitl] медицина
profession [prә'fefn] любимое занятие
medicine ['medsn] ветеран
hobby ['hobi] героизм
guitar [gi'ta:] медицинский
veteran ['vetәrәn] инженер
patriotic ['pæitri'otik] технический
heroism ['herouizrn] лига, союз
pensioner ['penfәnә] больница
medical ['medikl] радио
engineer ['еndзi’niә] техник
student ['stju:dәnt] результат
technical ['teknikl] кузина
league [li:g] патриотический
radio ['reidio] пенсионер
result [ri'zΛlt] студент
cousin ['кΛzn] профессия
technician [tek'nifn] гитара
Задание 5.10. Образуйте сложные существительные и переведите их.
Образец: English, a man — Englishman — англичанин
1) A school, a girl
2) a week, an end;
3)abed, a room;
4) a birth, a day;
5) news, paper;
6) a class, a room;
7) a tape, a recorder;
8) a chair, a man;
9) an air, a craft;
10) a text, a book;
11) a house, a wife;
12) rain, a coat;
13) a rail, away;
14)a sea, a man;
15) a post, a man;
16) a class, a mate.
Урок 6
Грамматика
ОБОРОТ there is / there are
Оборот there is / there are служит для выражения наличия (отсутствия) какого-либо предмета в определенном месте или в определенное время.
Present Indefinite
There is a picture on the wall. На стене картина.
Is there a picture on the wall? На стене есть картина?
There are pictures on the wall. На стене картины.
Are there pictures on the wall? На стене есть картины?
Past Indefinite
There was a picture on the wall. На стене была картина.
Was there a picture on the wall? На стене была картина?
There were pictures on the wall. На стене были картины.
Were there pictures on the wall? На стене были картины?
Future Indefinite
There will be pictures on the wall. На стене будут картины.
Will there be pictures on the wall? На стене будут картины?
Выбор формы глагола to be зависит от числа существительного, следующего сразу за ним:
There is a chair and two armchairs in the room.
There are two armchairs and a chair in the room.
Вопросительные предложения с оборотом there is / there are строятся следующим образом
Общий вопрос: Is there anything in the bag? Will there be lessons tomorrow?
Специальный вопрос: What is there in the bag?
Разделительный вопрос. There are some pupils in the classroom, aren't there?
Задание 6.1. Вставьте to be в нужной форме: 1.There... a telegram on the table. 2.... there any telegrams from Moscow? Yes, there... some. 3.... there ... a flight for Moscow tomorrow? Yes, there.......4. There...much snow last winter. 5. There... a lot of stars and planets in space. 6.... there... a lift in your future house? Yes, there.......7. Some years ago there... many old houses in our street. 8.... there any lectures yesterday? No, there... 9.... there a lamp over the table? Yes, there.... 10.... there any interesting stories in this book? 11...; there a test last lesson? No, there.... 12. Soon there......a new film on.
Задание 6.2. Поставьте вопросы к следующим предложениям:
1. There are some new pupils in our group. 2. There is no book on the table. 3. There were many old houses in our street. 4. There are 4 seasons in a year. 5. There will be a conference next week. 6. There are many large cities in our country. 7. There was nobody in the room. 8. There are 7 days in a week. 9. There is something on the shelf. 10. There are many places of interest in London, 11. There are many beautiful flowers in our garden. 12. There was much work last week.
Задание 6.3. Напишите следующие предложения в прошедшем и будущем временах:
1. There is much snow in winter. 2. There are 5 theatres in our city. 3. There is no lift in our house. 4. There are many new books in our library. 5. There is little milk in the bottle. 6. There are 3 rooms in our flat. 7. There is a map on the wall.
Задание 6.4. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
MY WORKING DAY
Usually I get up at 7 o'clock on week-days. I do my bed and open the window. Sometimes I do my morning exercises, but not always. Then I go to the bathroom. There I wash myself and clean my teeth. Sometimes I take a shower. After that I go back to my bedroom, dress myself and brush my hair. In five minutes I am ready for breakfast, I usually have a cup of tea or coffee and a sandwich. After breakfast I take my bag, put on my coat and go to the college.
I live not far from my college and it takes me only ten minutes to walk there. I am never late for the first lesson because I come to the college a few minutes before the bell. I leave my coat in the cloakroom and go to the classroom. The lessons begin at eight o'clock and at half past one they are over. Sometimes after the lessons I go to the library to take some books. I usually do my home task at home. As a rule, I have no free time on my week-days.
Sometimes I have dinner at my college canteen. For dinner I usually have soup for the first course, meat or fish with some salad for the second. I drink milk or a cup of tea.
Twice a week I go to the swimming pool. I play volleyball in the college team and we have our training at our big gymnasium.
In the evening all the members of our family get together. We have supper together, watch TV or read books. Reading is my hobby. I like to read detective stories or books of modern writers. At about eleven o'clock I go to bed.
Words
usually — обычно
sometimes — иногда
enough — достаточно
shower — душ
always — всегда
only — только
never — никогда
cloakroom — раздевалка
as a rule — как правило
canteen — столовая
twice — дважды
team — команда
gymnasium — спортзал
Задание 6.5. Ответьте на вопросы.
1. When do you usually get up on your working day?
2. What do you do in the morning when you get up?
3. What do you have for breakfast?
4. How much time does it take you to get to your school?
5. Do you have dinner at home or at school canteen?
6. What do you usually have for dinner?
7. Do you often go to the library?
8. When does your family have supper?
9. Do you go in for sports?
10. When do you usually go to bed?
Задание 6.6. Напишите рассказ о своем рабочем дне.
Задание 6.7. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
MY DAY OFF
The last two days of the week are Saturday and Sunday. They are called the weekend. People don't go to work on weekends. But students and pupils have only one day off. It is Sunday.
Weekend is my favourite time of the week because I don't go to the college. I think Sunday is the best day of the week. On this day I wake up later than usual. And sometimes I don't get up till nine or ten o'clock. As soon as I get up I air the room, do my bed and do morning exercises. Then I have breakfast and help my Mother to clear away the dishes and wash them.
After breakfast I get ready with my homework and then I am free. I meet my friends and we discuss our plans together. Last Sunday we went to the Zoo. There were many funny animals there. It was very interesting to spend time there.
On Sundays I usually do shopping. My Mother tells me what to buy, I take a shopping bag and go shopping. As a rule I go to the shop near my house. There are many departments in this shop and I can buy different goods there. Then I go to the baker's and buy bread and rolls. I also buy milk at the dairy department.
In the evening our family gets together. We have supper, watch TV or read books. Reading is my hobby. I like to read detective stories or books of modern writers. At about eleven o'clock I go to bed.
Words
till — до
as soon as — как только
to air — проветривать
morning exercises — зарядка
Zoo — зоопарк
funny — смешной
animals — животные
to spend — проводить
to do shopping — делать покупки
to buy — покупать
department — отдел
goods — товары
baker's — булочная
rolls — булочки
bread — хлеб
also — также
dairy department — молочный отдел
Questions
1. What days of the week do you like and why?
2. What time do you get up on Sunday?
3. What do you do in the morning?
4. How do you usually spend your days off?
5. Do you often go to the country on your days off?
6. How did you spend your last Sunday? :
7. Do you go shopping?
8. Do you go in for sports on Sunday?
9. Do you often go to see your friends?
10. Do you like to spend your days off with your friends or with your parents?
12. What is your hobby?
13. What books do you like to read?
14. Do your guests often come to you on Sunday?
Местоимения little и few и местоименные выражения a little и a few
Местоимение little и местоименное выражение а little употребляются с неисчисляемыми существительными, местоимение few и местоименное выражение a few — с исчисляемыми:
Give me a little water, please.
There is little milk in the bottle.
I have a few friends in Minsk.
I've got only few pencils in the box.
Местоимения few и little означают « мало », а местоименные выражения a few и a little — «немного».
Much (много) употребляется с неисчисляемыми существительными, many (много)- с исчисляемыми.
Задание 6.8. Вставьте much, many, little, few, a little, a few.
1. Have you got... time before the lesson? 2. She gave him... water to wash his hands and face. 3. He had... English books at home, so he went to the library. 4. After the lesson everybody felt... tired. 5. I like it here. Let's stay here...longer. 6. There were... new words in the text and Peter spent... time learning them. 7. There was.,, sugar in the bowl, and we put ... sugar there. 8. I know French... and I can help you with the translation of this text. 9. When we walked ... farther down the road we met another group of pupils. 10.I want to say... words about my travelling.
Задание 6.9. Переведите на английский язык следующие пары слов.
Много тетрадей, много молока, много воды, много дней, много газет, много мела, много снега, много лет, много картин, много музыки, много сахара, много чая, много лимонов, много мяса, много комнат, много учителей, много работы, много воздуха, много птиц, много машин.
Задание 6.10. Вставьте much или many .
1. Please don't ask me... questions. 2. How ... money have you got? 3.1 never eat... bread with soup. 4. Why did you eat so... ice-cream? 5. She wrote us... letters from the country. 6.... of these students don't like to look up words in the dictionary. 7.... in this work was too difficult for me. 8. He spent... time writing his composition in Literature. 9. There were ...plates on the table. 10. Thank you very ...! 11. ... of my friends are preparing for their examinations now. 12.1 don't like ... sugar in my tea.
Задание 6.11. Переведите на английский язык.
1. В стакане есть немного молока. 2. В тетради осталось мало чистых страниц. 3. У тебя много кофе? Нет, очень мало. 4. Немногие из англичан говорят по-русски. 5. У них здесь очень мало друзей. 6. У него очень мало времени для чтения. 7. У Петра много русских книг и мало английских книг. 8. У меня есть немного времени вечером, чтобы закончить эту работу. 9. Я провожу много времени в библиотеке, потому что я готовлюсь к экзаменам.
Задание 6.12. Прочитайте и запомните слова по теме Meals . Еда.
restaurant [restәro:h] — ресторан
cafeteria [kæfi'tiriә] — кафетерий
canteen [kæn'ti:] — столовая (студенческая, школьная)
cafe ['kæfei] — кафе
breakfast — завтрак
lunch — второй завтрак
dinner — обед
supper — ужин
to have breakfast — завтракать
to have dinner — обедать
to have supper — ужинать
Названия продуктов и блюд:
bread [bred] — хлеб
butter [bΛtә] — сливочное масло
jam [dзæm] — джем, варенье
cheese [tfi:z] — сыр
cornflakes — кукурузные хлопья
sugar [fugә] — сахар
meat [mi: t] — мясо
fish — рыба
eggs — яйца
eggs and bakon — яичница с ветчиной
boiled eggs — вареные яйца
omelette — омлет
sausage ['sosidз] — колбаса
frankfurters ['fræhkfutәz] — сосиски
ham — окорок, ветчина
porridge — каша
cream — сливки, сметана
soup [su:p] — суп
steak [steik] — бифштекс
mutton chops — котлеты из баранины
chicken ['tfikin] — курица
chips — чипсы
pudding — пудинг
rice [rais] — рис
salad — салат
pie [pai] — пирог
cake [keik] — торт, кекс, пирожное
ice-cream [ais kri:m] — мороженое
sweets — конфеты
salt [salt] — соль
pepper — перец
mustard ['mΛStәd] — горчица
vinegar ['vinigә] — уксус
sauce [so:s] — coyc
Drinks — напитки
soft drinks — безалкогольные напитки
strong drinks — спиртные напитки
mineral water — минеральная вода
fruit juice [fru:t d3u:s] — фруктовый сок
cocoa [koukou] — какао
coffee — кофе
tea — чай
wine ['wain] — вино
beer ['bәs] — пиво
Vegetables — овощи
cabbage ['kæbidз] — капуста
carrot ['kærәt] — морковь
onion ['Λnjәn] — лук
cucumber ['kju:kәmbә] — огурец
tomato [tә'ma:tou] — помидор
beans [bi:nz] — фасоль
Fruit — фрукты
apples — яблоки
pears [рεә] — груши
plums [plΛmz] — сливы
oranges — апельсины
grapes [greips] — виноград
strawberries ['stroibәriz] — клубника
cherries ['tferiz] — вишня
Названия предметов сервировки стола:
plate [pleit] — тарелка
spoon [spu:n] — ложка
tea spoon — чайная ложка
fork [fo:k] — вилка
knife [naif] — нож
glass [gla:s] — стакан
tfup — чашка
saucer ['so:sә] — блюдце
bottle — бутылка
teapot — чайник (заварной)
ash-tray [æftrei] — пепельница
napkin [næpkin] — салфетка
Задание 6.13. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
MEALS IN ENGLAND
The usual meals in England are breakfast, lunch, tea and dinner or, in simpler houses, breakfast, dinner, tea and supper.
For breakfast Englishmen often have porridge or cornflakes with milk or cream and sugar, bacon and eggs, jam with buttered toasts and tea or coffee. For a change they can have a boiled egg, cold ham, or fish.
English people usually have lunch about one o'clock. At lunch time in a London restaurant you can have a mutton chop, or steak and chips, or cold meat or fish with potatoes and salad, then a pudding or fruit.
Afternoon tea can hardly be called a meal. It is a substantial meal only in well-to-do families. It is between five and six o'clock. It is rather a sociable sort of thing, as friends often come for a chat (поболтать) while they have their cup of tea, cake or biscuit.
In some houses dinner is the biggest meal of the day. But in great many English homes, the midday meal is the chief one of the day, and in the evening there is usually a much simpler supper — an omelette, or sausages, sometimes bacon and eggs and sometimes just bread and cheese, a cup of coffee or cocoa and fruit.
Задание 6.14. Составьте примерное меню вашего завтрака, обеда и ужина.
Начните так: For breakfast I usually have...
Задание 6.15. Вставьте артикли и переведите на русский язык со словарем
CHARLES DJCKENS
At... beginning of.. .19th century... little boy was born in... family of John Dickens,... clerk at... office in... Portsmouth, and was named Charles. He had... sister who was older than he, and there were several other children in... family. When Charles was seven, he was sent to... school. He was not... strong child. He did not like to play... cricket or... football and spent all his free time reading. In 1821... family went to... London, and little Charles left behind him... happiest years of his childhood. His father was in... money difficulties, and... family became poorer and poorer.... boy had to give up his studies. Mr. Dickens was put into... debtors* prison. Little Charles learned to know all... horrors and cruelty of... large capitalist city. He had to go to work at... blacking factory. He worked there from... morning till... night. When his father came out of prison, Charles was sent to... school for some time. Soon he got work as... clerk. Then he learned,.. stenography and became... reporter in Parliament. In 1836 at... age of 24 Charles Dickens published his first book. It was... collection of... stories.... title of... book was «Sketches by Boz». These were followed by «Pickwick Papers» and «Oliver Twist» and many other famous novels. Charles Dickens is one of... greatest writers of... 19th century. His novels are now translated into most languages of... world.
Урок 7
Грамматика.
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