The British Education System. Private Education.
Seven per cent of British schoolchildren go to private schools called independent schools.
There are 2.400 independent schools and they have been growing in number and popularity since the mid-1980's.
Parents pay for these schools, and fees vary from about 250 pounds a term for a private nursery to 3.000 pounds a term or more for a secondary boarding school.
Most independent schools are called prep (preparatory) schools because they prepare the children for the Common Entrance Exam which they take at the age of 11. This exam is for entry into the best schools.
The most famous schools are called «public schools» and they have a long history and traditions. It is often necessary to put your child's name on a waiting list at birth to be sure he or she gets a place.
Children of wealthy or aristocratic families often go to the same public school as their parents and their grandparents. Eton is the best known of these schools.
The majority of independent secondary schools, including public schools, are single-sex, although in recent years girls have been allowed to join the sixth forms of boys' schools.
Independent schools also include religious schools (Jewish, Catholic, Muslim etc.) and schools for ethnic minorities.
Система образования в Великобритании. Частное образование.
Семь процентов британских школьников учатся в частных школах, которые называются независимыми школами.
В Британии 2400 независимых школ. С середины 80-х годов растет их число и популярность.
За обучение в этих школах платят родители. Оплата колеблется от 250 фунтов в семестр за содержание в частном детском саду до трех тысяч фунтов и больше за обучение в средних школах-интернатах.
Большинство частных школ называются подготовительными школами, потому что в них готовят детей к общему вступительному экзамену, который они сдают в 11 лет. Этот экзамен дает возможность поступить в престижные школы.
Наиболее престижные школы называются общественными школами. Они имеют длинную историю и свои традиции. Чтобы быть уверенным, что ваш ребенок получит место в такой школе, необходимо внести его имя в список на очередь, как только он родился.
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Дети из состоятельных и аристократических семей часто учатся в той же школе, где учились их родители, их дедушки и бабушки. Итон — самая известная из таких школ.
Большинство частных школ, включая общественные школы, —- это школы, где обучаются дети одного пола. Хотя в последние годы в 6-м классе девочкам и мальчикам разрешается учиться вместе.
К независимым частным школам относятся также религиозные школы (еврейские, католические, мусульманские) и школы для этнических меньшинств.
British museums of art and culture
London is very rich in museums and art galleries. If you are fond of painting you'll go to the Tate Gallery. A rich sugar manufacturer Henry Tate founded it in 1897. There are about 300 oils and 19000 watercolours and drawings. There are many works by the English painter William Turner there. Most of his paintings are connected with the sea theme. There are a lot of paintings by the 16-th century English artists and paintings by foreign artists of the 19-20-th centuries. There are some paintings by impressionists there. You can see works by modern painters: Pablo Picasso among them. There are many interesting sculptures there. Henry Moor's can be seen there. He was a famous British sculptor. The National Gallery is one of the most important picture galleries in the world. The Tate Gallery is the most necessary compliment to the National Gallery as it contains contemporary works particularly by English and French masters. The British Museum is the largest and richest of its kind in the world. It comprises the national museum of archaeology and ethnography and the national library. The present building was built in 1852. By law a copy of every book, periodical and newspaper, published in Britain must be presented in the British museum. It contains books and manuscripts: Greek, Roman, British and Oriental antiques. It has a department of Ethnography. This collection is so vast that only a very small percentage of it is on show to the public. There's also a department of prints and drawings. There're departments devoted to maps, coins, medals and philately. Those who come to the British museum can see a fascinating array of clocks and watches. Cultural life of London would be impossible without the Royal Albert hall, the Royal Festival hall, the National theatre and a great number of museums: the Victoria and Albert museum, the Geological Museum, the Museum of Mankind, Natural history museum and others.
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Business
Nowadays the word “business” is very popular. It is used everywhere: in communication tied with commercial deals, in mass media, in modern books and films, in scientific and educational context. Sometimes business is equated to trade, but it is a broader phenomenon including all the institutes and relations associated with entrepreneurship – not only goods sale and purchase, but also various services (for example, financial or consulting ones), the banking system, marketing, business etiquette. Business is a main instrument and basis of the market that forms the capitalist economy.
The most widespread type of this global thing is the small business. Today every full age person may create a venture if he or she has all the necessary documents (primarily, the license) and some initial capital. Certainly, a few businesspersons can constitute a group of co-owners. On the market, a private enterprise should participate in the competitive struggle in order to survive and realize its goals. A businessman develops his company hiring managers and employees, choosing partners, and attracting clients through advertisement, beneficial price policy or social activities (charity, events for children, etc.).
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However, there are other, alternative forms of business: educational business, show business, social entrepreneurship… Almost all the spheres of our life depend on it. Besides, business affects features of modern mentality: the ideal of a strong, independent, initiative person who effectively uses his or her time and opportunities was born in the business environment. For this reason, a great number of young people dream of launching their own venture.
В наши дни слово «бизнес» очень популярно. Оно используется везде: в коммуникации, связанной с коммерческими сделками, в СМИ, в современных книгах и фильмах, в научном и образовательном контексте. Иногда бизнес отождествляется с торговлей, но это более широкий феномен, включающий все институты и отношения, соотносящиеся с предпринимательством – не только продажу и покупку товаров, но и различные услуги (например, финансовые или консалтинговые), банковскую систему, маркетинг, деловой этикет. Бизнес – главный инструмент и основа рынка, который формирует капиталистическую экономику.
Самый распространённый тип этого глобального явления – малый бизнес. Сегодня любой совершеннолетний человек может создать предприятие, если у него или у неё есть все необходимые документы (прежде всего, лицензия) и стартовый капитал. Конечно, несколько предпринимателей могут составлять группу совладельцев. На рынке частное предприятие должно участвовать в конкурентной борьбе, чтобы выжить и реализовать свои цели. Бизнесмен развивает компанию, нанимая менеджеров и сотрудников, выбирая партнёров и привлекая клиентов с помощью рекламы, выгодной ценовой политики или социальной деятельности (благотворительности, детских мероприятий и т.д.).
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Однако есть другие, альтернативные формы бизнеса: образовательный бизнес, шоу-бизнес, социальное предпринимательство… Почти все сферы нашей жизни зависят от него. Кроме того, бизнес влияет на особенности современной ментальности: идеал сильного, независимого, инициативного человека, который эффективно использует своё время и свои возможности, родился в бизнес-среде. По этой причине огромное количество молодых людей мечтает открыть собственное предприятие.
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Canada
Canada is a rapidly developing country with incredibly beautiful nature. It is the second largest state in the world (after Russia): its huge territory extends from Arctic glaciers to coniferous and mixed forests on the border with the USA. Canada has rich plant world (oak, maple, fir, pine, etc.) and animal world (wolf, lynx, deer, and various species of fish). It is famous for the colossal Great Lakes and national parks.
The history of Canada is tied with two cultures: English and French. Canada was born in the late 16th and early 17th centuries when French colonists settled on the land of the Indian tribes. Later, the British arrived and founded their cities, which led to wars between them, the French, and indigenous people. The French part, with the center in Quebec, and the English part of Canada united in 1840. For a long time, Canada remained the British colony but became sovereign in the 20th century.
Nowadays, Canada is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. Although its head is British monarch, the Governor-General and the Parliament sitting in the capital (Ottawa) are independent in their decisions. The country consists of 10 provinces and 3 territories; each subject has its own proportion of Francophone and Anglophone population, but Canada is officially bilingual. Many immigrants from France, Ireland, German, Italy, etc. preserve their native cultures and create the situation of multiculturalism supported by the state.
Due to improved mining industry, agriculture, and trade, Canada has a very high living standard. Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver attract tourists, as well as amazing landscapes and numerous ethnic festivals.
Канада – это быстро развивающаяся страна с невероятно красивой природой. Она является вторым по величине государством в мире (после России): её огромная территория простирается от арктических ледников до хвойных и смешанных лесов на границе с США. В Канаде богаты растительный (дуб, клён, ель, сосна и т.д.) и животный мир (волк, рысь, олень, различные виды рыбы). Она знаменита колоссальными Великими озёрами и национальными парками.
История Канады связана с двумя культурами: английской и французской. Канада родилась в конце XVI – начале XVII вв., когда французские колонисты поселились на земле индейских племён. Позднее прибыли британцы и основали свои города, что привело к войнам между ними, французами и местными народами. Французская часть с центром в Квебеке и английская часть Канады объединились в 1840 г. Канада долго оставалась британской колонией, но в XX в. стала суверенной.
В наши дни Канада – член Содружества Наций. Хотя её главой является британский монарх, Генерал-губернатор и Парламент, заседающий в столице (Оттаве), независимы в своих решениях. Страна состоит из 10 провинций и 3 территорий; в каждом субъекте представлено собственное соотношение франкоговорящего и англоговорящего населения, но Канада официально двуязычна. Многие иммигранты из Франции, Ирландии, Германии, Италии и т.д. сохраняют свои родные культуры и создают ситуацию мультикультурализма, поддерживаемую государством.
Благодаря развитым добывающей промышленности, сельскому хозяйству и торговле, в Канаде очень высок уровень жизни. Торонто, Монреаль, Ванкувер привлекают туристов, как и восхитительные пейзажи и многочисленные этнические фестивали.
Choosing a Career
Choosing a career is like any other activity; it is best to work to a plan. Too many people start looking for a specific job before thinking out their occupational aims. It is a good idea to begin by attempting to define in clear terms what your requirements are from a career. This involves taking a realistic view of your strengths and weaknesses. You may think for example, that you would like a job which involves organizing people, but liking such a job is not a sufficient justification if experience you already may have suggests that this is not your strong point. On the other hand, you should remember that training will equip you to do new things. A further point to consider is how far you will be willing to do for a time things which you do not like knowing that they are necessary to achieve your longer term objectives. Having thought carefully about the sort of person you are, try to work out a realistic set of occupational requirement. In particular, you can answer to important questions. First: what sort of life do you want to lead? For example, do you want to live in the country or in the town? Is leisure time of great importance to you? Is the size of your salary important? Do you want to put down roots or travel widely? Second: what sort of work do you want to do? For example, do you like working alone or with others? Does teaching people appeal to you? Do you want to be an organizer of other people's activities? Do you want to develop new ideas and initiate changes. As for me, I have made up my mind to be an engineer. As my parents are an engineers they have made a great influence on my choice and I can say that this profession runs the family. My choice of this occupation didn't come as a sudden flash. I think that nowadays this profession is of great need and importance to our country. It is my aim to be a qualified specialist and to serve the interests of my country. To be a well prepared engineer I should have some important qualities: great capability persistence, knowledge of science and, of course, knowledge of foreign languages. In spite of these arguments we mustn't forget about everybody's vacation. I think that my facilities combined with the knowledge would be quiet enough to succeed in my work.
CHRISTMAS DAY
Every country has its own customs and traditions. English people are proud of their traditions and they keep them up.
It is difficult to speak about England without speaking about its holidays. Christmas Day is among them.
All English people celebrate Christmas (or X-mas) on the 25th of December.
Christmas! What kind of holiday is it? It is the yearly celebration of the birth of Jesus Christ. It falls on December 25 by the Catholic Church and on the 7th of January by the Orthodox Church. This holiday means the beginning of the new year and the new life. English people celebrate this holiday with the evergreen tree — Christmas tree. Children rut
along sock, called a Christmas stocking at the end of their beds and Santa Claus conies down the chimney to bring them presents.
Christmas Day is the greatest holiday in England. It is interesting to visit the shops before this holiday. There are a lot of nice Christmas cards and presents there. English people like this holiday very much and prepare for it beforehand. They buy presents for each other, try to send Christmas cards for their relatives and friends.
It is interesting to visit London during this holiday. There is a Christmas tree in Trafalgar Square. We can see many lights, toys and sweets all over this tree. Everywhere you can see slogans "A Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year".
The traditional English dinner on Christmas is turkey and pudding.
Cinema
The cinematography is an art of motion-picture. The cinematography includes the production of animated cartoons, films, and special effects. It is popular all over the world. The cinematography is an essential part of the culture of almost all countries. It is a significant part of the economy of many countries, for example, the United States of America or India.
The cinematography was invented in the late 19th century. It is very popular nowadays. Earlier a few people had TV-set so many people went to the cinema to watch a movie. Though nowadays there are several TV-sets in one house, cinema is still very popular.
Scientists invent many technologies which improve the quality of cinemas. For example, the 3D films are very popular. The 3D film is a motion picture that enhances the illusion of depth perception, hence adding a third dimension. It makes you feel like you are within a movie, a part of it. Some people do not like the 3D films and choose their 2D analogues.
Cinema is a good way to spend free time. Tickets are not so expensive so it is possible to go to the cinema quite often. Films of different genres are shown there so everyone can choose a film to his or her liking. You can go to the cinema on your own or with your friends. It is very interesting to watch action films or comedies with friends. You can also go to the cinema with your beloved. It is a wonderful way to spend a date.
Кинематография – это искусство создания движущихся изображений. Кинематография включает в себя производство анимационных мультфильмов, фильмов и спецэффектов. Кино популярно во всем мире. Кинематография является неотъемлемой частью культуры почти всех стран. Она составляет значительную часть экономики многих стран, например, Соединенных Штатов Америки или Индии.
Кинематография появилась в конце 19 века. Кино очень популярно и в наши дни. Раньше лишь у немногих был телевизор, поэтому многие люди ходили в кино, чтобы посмотреть фильм. Хотя в настоящее время в одном доме может быть несколько телевизоров, кинотеатры все еще очень популярны.
Ученые изобретают много технологий, которые улучшают качество кинотеатров. Например, 3D-фильмы очень популярны. 3D-фильм – это движущееся изображение, которое создает иллюзию восприятия глубины, следовательно, добавляя третье измерение. Это заставляет вас чувствовать, что вы находитесь в фильме, словно его часть. Некоторые люди не любят 3D-фильмы и выбирают их 2D-аналоги.
Кинотеатр – хороший способ провести свободное время. Билеты в кинотеатр не очень дорогие, поэтому в кинотеатр можно ходить довольно часто. Здесь показывают фильмы разных жанров, поэтому каждый может выбрать фильм по своему вкусу. Вы можете пойти в кинотеатр в одиночку или с друзьями. Очень интересно смотреть боевики или комедии с друзьями. Вы также можете пойти в кино со своей возлюбленной. Это великолепный способ провести свидание.
THE CINEMA
The Lumiere brothers made their first film in 1895. This film was demonstrated in one famous cafe in Paris.
The first films were silent and short, but they were popular among people.
The USA was the leader in the production of films. The first sound film appeared in 1927. Soon coloured films appeared.
Cinematography has a long history in our country too.
Pioneers of the Russian cinema were Protozanov, Gardin, later Pudovkin and Dovzhenko. At that time films were silent and black-and-white.
Later films became sound and colourful.
Some years ago it was popular to go to the cinemas in Moscow. It was difficult to buy a ticket for a good film and we had to stand in a queue for hours.
But now we prefer to stay at home and watch TV and video films.
In England the cinema is usually called "the pictures". The prices of cinema seats in London are high. In the past cinemas were more popular than they are now. It is interesting that in some towns in Britain the cinemas are closed on Sundays.
I like to see documentary films best of all. Some of them are rather interesting, because they tell us the truth about the history of our country.
I like to see films about school life. As I study at school, such films are connected with me. It is interesting to see films bout school life in England, France, Spain and in the USA. It is interesting to know about foreign education and to see their schools.
My favourite Russian film is "Moscow doesn't believe in tears". It is the true story about the girl. She leaves her village for Moscow. This film tells us about her difficulties, about her wish to live in the capital, about her friends. I am sure that it is a kind and a clever film.
Cites of the USA.
Amounts large and famous American cites are Chicago, Boston, Philadelphia, Los Angeles, San Francisco and New York. Washington is the capital of the USA. It is situated on the Potomac River in the District of Columbia. D. Washington chose the place. The city was founded in 1791 and named after the first president. Now Washington is the residents of the president and the congress. The center of the city is on Capital Hill. This building houses both the senate and a House of Representatives. The White House is one of the oldest buildings in the city. It is the president’s residents. Washington is a large scientific and cultural center. There are five universities in the city. The national academy of sciences and the library of congress are in Washington too. The national museum, the old and new national galleries of art, Washington, Jefferson and Lincoln memorials are among the city sites.
New York is the largest city in USA. It is an economic, financial, scientific and cultural center. Dutch settlers founded the city in 17 century. The heart of the New York is Manhattan. It was hear that the Dutch built the first building of the town. The name Wall Street remained from our days. The business center of New York is near Wall Street. Another famous street is Broadway. It is the longest and the widest street in New York. It is the street there most famous theaters are situated. New York is the city of famous skyscrapers. The highest buildings are Impure State Building and the united national building.
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