Means of expressing modality.
Universal way of expressing modality is by verbs and proper grammatical structures. Also, modal words are distinguished by their modal shades, namely for the fact that they express. The structure of the sentences offers the following grammatical peculiarities of its existence, which allows identification of what is reported, or actually carried out in or thought that it may be desirable, such that to happen, or is required. There are difficulties in translating the lexical and grammatical level on modal words that are often found in the instructions. Means of expressing modality: - Using phonetic means (phonetic and logical accents); - Using lexical means (modal words and composites); - Using lexical and grammatical means. Lexical means of expression modality are modal words, parenthesis with modal meaning. Grammatical meaning expresses a subjective relation through modal verbs (necessarily, preferably, allowed, no need, undesirable, prohibited). The specific instructions are characterized by subjective modality, which is expressed by lexical and grammatical means.
The category of person and number in verbs.
Lecture 13 The Verb. The Categories of Person and Number
The categories of person and number are greatly intertwined in the system of the English verb. These categories differ from the rest of morphological categories of the verb in that they express not processual, but substantial semantics thus correlating the the predicate of the sentence with its subject. For example the inflexion -s expressing the 3rd person and singular number of the verb “to take” in the sentence: He takes some books from the shelf. This inflexion -s signifies that the subject of the sentence has to be a noun in singular, which correlates with a 3rd person pronoun.
The expression of the category of person is realized only in the singular form of the verb in the present and future tense. In the present tense, the expression of person may be realized in three different ways:
1. Regular expression of person (most of verbs) - by means of the inflexion -s: The wind blows.
2. The verb to be has specific forms of person. It has the form “am” for the 1st person and “is” for the 3rd. The verb does not have special forms of the second person, since the form “are” may correlate not only with 2nd person pronouns, but also with lsl (we are) and 3rd person (they are) plural pronouns.
3. Modal verbs (with the exception of to be and to have) have no person inflexions.
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In the future tense, the category of person is expressed through the opposition of shall (for lsl person) and will (for the 2nd and 3rdperson). This opposition however may undergo reduction: i will meet you at the railway station.
The category of number is expressed in the English verb only in the present tense forms and only together with person distinctions, i.e. the English verb has no specific inflections of number. The number is distinguished only with verbs in the 3rdperson in the present tense: He goes (Sg.) vs. They go (PL). The verb “to be” has special number distinctions, but they are also realized only in combination with person distinctions of the verb. In the present tense, the verb has the following forms expressing number. The singular number is expressed by “am” and “is”. The plurai number cannot be distinguished, since the form "are” is correlated both with the singular and plural nouns. In the past tense, the singular number is expressed by the form “was”. The plural number cannot be distinguished either, since the form were is used both for singular and plural.
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