Providing economic infrastructure
Provision of various collective goods and services
The resolution and adjustment of group conflicts
The maintenance of competition
Protection of natural resources
Minimum access by individuals to the goods and services of the economy
Stabilization of the economy
Ex.5.►◄Translate the following sentences into Russian.
1.Company law in the UK is mainly set out in the Companies Act 2006 (the 2006 Act). This new Act is the largest single piece of legislation ever passed by the UK Parliament, and is the product of eight years of consultation on company law reform.
2.The rules of private international law governing property rights in intellectual property remain fairly underdeveloped.
3.For a contract to be legally binding it must contain four essential elements: an offer, an acceptance, an intention to create a legal relationship, a consideration (usually money).
4.There is an increasing interest in the economics of climate change, and the marginal damage costs of emissions, known as the Social Cost of Carbon (SCC).
5.In economics, a public good is a good that is both non-excludable and non-rivalrous in that individuals cannot be effectively excluded from use and where use by one individual does not reduce availability to others.
6.A corporate charter sets forth a corporation's basic information, its location, profit/nonprofit status, board composition and ownership structure.
7.An externality is a positive or negative consequence of an economic activity experienced by unrelated third parties. Pollution emitted by a factory that spoils the surrounding environment and affects the health of nearby residents is an example of a negative externality. The effect of a well-educated labor force on the productivity of a company is an example of a positive externality.
8.Korea, aims at strengthening the legislative and institutional framework for the enforcement of contracts in Indonesia and Peru.
9.Public and collective goods, however, are also indispensable.
10.It is important to strengthen preventive diplomacy to alleviate instability and conflicts.
PART II
Text C
Instruments of Government
An instrument of government is the method it uses to intervene, the mechanism used when government action is justified in some way. Most government intervention can occur through four available instruments: (i) provision, where the government provides goods or services through the government budget; (ii) subsidy, which is really a sub-category of provision and is where the government assists someone in the private economy to provide government-desired goods or services; (iii) production, where governments produce goods and services for sale in the market, and (iv) regulation, which involves using the coercive powers of the state to allow or prohibit certain activities in the private economy. The use of these has varied over time and according to the particular government function.
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Government provision
Direct provision by government through the budget forms the major part of its operations. The budget sector includes those areas of government which are funded by taxation rather than user charges: that is, which provide non-market goods and services – roads, defence, education, health and some social welfare schemes. The budget sector includes transfer payments where the government does not finally spend money, but redistributes it from one class of taxpayer to another. Most government activities occur through direct provision and are set out in the budget. While there have been attempts to reduce government provision, it has proved difficult to do. There is obvious and understandable resistance to cuts in programmes that benefit individuals or groups, particularly those of political importance.
Subsidy
Subsidies vary widely but could include subsidies to farmers or industry, or to private bus companies or private schools. The private sector provides a particular good or service, but with some assistance from government. Although part of the funding is public, the detailed administration takes place in the private sector with governments mainly involved in monitoring to ensure their money is being spent in approved ways. In practice, it is hard to separate the category of government subsidy from that of government provision. The amount of subsidy appears in the budget just like provision.
Production
According to Musgrave and Musgrave (1989, p.9), a clear distinction must be made between public provision for social goods and public production. Unlike provision, production takes place away from the government budget, and users are charged in the same way as if the items were provided by the private sector. For example, electricity supply or rail services are government-owned in some countries. These services are sold to consumers and use is precluded if consumers are unwilling to pay. Some European countries maintain large public enterprise sectors so the amount of government production is quite high; the United States has always had very little. Public enterprises may receive loans or advances from their respective governments but their receipts and expenditures are not included in that government’s own budget. As might be expected, there is rather more controversy over the role of the public enterprise part of the public sector and there has been a worldwide trend away from public enterprise by the process of privatization.
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Regulation
Regulation essentially involves allowing or prohibiting activities in the economy through the legal system, for example, setting tariffs, granting licences or permits and regulating the labour market. A government has coercive power, and this is the fundamental difference between it and the private sector. The power of law, reinforced in the final analysis by the police and the army, can be used for many purposes, including intervention in the economy. Regulation can vary from the minor and non-intrusive – the collection of statistics, for example – to blanket prohibition with very high penalties such as for smuggling illegal drugs.
Regulation can be either economic or social with the former aimed at encouraging business and other economic actors to undertake certain activities and to avoid others. Social regulation is usually seen as attempting to protect the interests of citizens and consumers, especially in regard to quality standards, safety levels and pollution controls. Regulation of the business sector is widespread: there is financial regulation which can include interest rates, exchange rates, foreign investment as well as broader corporate regulation, including rules for company registration. There is often price regulation, quantity regulation, quality regulation and various product or packaging standards. Particular professions are often licensed and businesses must comply with occupational health, safety and environmental standards. Finally, there is usually some kind of competition policy or antitrust legislation to enforce competition within private markets and to restrain any tendency to collusion and monopoly.
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There is some controversy over the role of regulation in the economy. With all the government rules applying to the private sector, it is little wonder that part of the reforms to the public sector in recent years has been to improve regulatory arrangements. There is a widespread feeling that there is too much regulation and that regulations have become too intrusive, there as stifling business and indirectly affecting competitiveness. Changes to regulation and the regulatory system are part of the managerial agenda. Much economic regulation, that is, regulation explicitly intended to affect entry, supply or pricing decisions in the private sector, has already been eliminated or revised in a number of countries.
***
There is no simple answer as to which instrument of government policy is preferable. Countries without a history of government provision, notably the United States, do have a long history of government regulation. Depending on how tight regulation is in practice, a government could be almost as intrusive as if it was providing the good or service itself. Also, the instruments of public policy need not be mutually exclusive. Combinations are possible, with the precise mix varying between various nations.
However, there is reason to suggest a major change is currently taking place in the preferred instrument of government. In recent years, there has been a shift away from government provision with budget cutbacks being quite general. There is an expectation that further cuts will ensue and there is unlikely to be any serious expansion of government provision. There is also a difference in the way that government services are provided, with this occurring less often through the public service and more often through the private or voluntary sector, through contracts. This shift to contracts should not be seen as a reduction in provision. Rather it is a change from delivery by the public service to delivery by the private sector of a government service.
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There is also a major shift away from public production of goods and services through privatization. As an instrument of government policy the idea of production certainly lost favour in the 1980s and widespread privatization followed. Yet there has been an increase in public regulation, with a shift in its character from the restrictive role of regulation, which was often anti-competitive, towards pro-competitive regulation to force the private sector to be more efficient through competition.
Source: condensed from http://do.gendocs.ru/docs/index-206555.html
Developing ESP Competencies
Ex.1.► Find in text C English equivalents to the following words and phrases:
1.в конечном счёте ____________________________________________
2.административные/управленческие задачи ______________________
3.выпускаемый на рынок продукт _______________________________
4.идея потеряла свою привлекательность, перестала пользоваться успехом ____________________________________________________
5.антитрестовское законодательство ___________________________________________________________
6.сговор, тайное соглашение ____________________________________
7.компетенция руководства _____________________________________
8.государственное предприятие _________________________________
9.добровольные организации ___________________________________
10.коллективные (социальные) блага ______________________________
Ex.2.◄► Explain in English the meaning of the expressions from Text C, and then translate the expressions into Russian.
1.government-desired goods or services ___________________________________________________________
2.non-intrusive regulation ________________________________________
3.use is precluded ______________________________________________
4.economic actors ______________________________________________
5.entry, supply or pricing decisions ________________________________
6.anti-/pro-competitive regulation _________________________________
7.government provision _________________________________________
8.government action ____________________________________________
9.the preferred instrument of government (policy) _____________________
Ex.3.► Translate the sentences underlined in the text into Russian.
Ex.4.►◄Complete the sentences with the correct statements referring to the text.
1.While … , there is (are) …
2.In practice, …
3.A clear distinction must be made between … and …
4.Unlike … ,…
5.There has been a worldwide trend (away from/towards) …
6.There is some controversy over …
7.There is a widespread feeling that …
8.There is no simple answer as to …
9.There is reason to suggest (that) …
10.There is an expectation that …
11.There is also a (major) shift (away from/towards/to) …
Ex.5.►◄ Describe in detail the four instruments of government intervention:
·Provision
·Subsidy
·Production
·Regulation
Ex.6.►◄ Speak about the current changes in public policy (according to Text C). Which instrument of government policy is preferable?
Ex.7.►◄ Translate the following excerpt into Russian orally.
Good Governance is an approach to government that is committed to creating a system founded in justice and peace that protects individual’s human rights and civil liberties. According to the United Nations, Good Governance is measured by the eight factors of Participation, Rule of Law, Transparency, Responsiveness, Consensus Oriented, Equity and Inclusiveness, Effectiveness and Efficiency, and Accountability. Participation requires that all groups, particularly those most vulnerable, have direct or representative access to the systems of government. This manifests as a strong civil society and citizens with the freedom of association and expression. Rule of Law is exemplified by impartial legal systems that protect the human rights and civil liberties of all citizens, particularly minorities. This is indicated by an independent judicial branch and a police force free from corruption. Transparency means that citizens understand and have access to the means and manner in which decisions are made, especially if they are directly affected by such decisions. This information must be provided in an understandable and accessible format, typically translated through the media. Responsiveness simply involves that institutions respond to their stakeholders within a reasonable time frame. Consensus Oriented is demonstrated by an agenda that seeks to mediate between the many different needs, perspectives, and expectations of a diverse citizenry. Decisions need to be made in a manner that reflects a deep understanding of the historical, cultural, and social context of the community. Equity and Inclusiveness depends on ensuring that all the members of a community feel included and empowered to improve or maintain their well being, especially those individuals and groups that are the most vulnerable. Effectiveness and Efficiency is developed through the sustainable use of resources to meet the needs of a society. Sustainability refers to both ensuring social investments carry through and natural resources are maintained for future generations. Accountability refers to institutions being ultimately accountable to the people and one another. This includes government agencies, civil society, and the private sector all being accountable to one another as well.
Ex.8. ►Translate the following excerpts into Russian in writing .
1.There is a widely shared understanding that the current de-regulated global economy increasingly generates drawbacks in terms of manifold costs that are "externalised" and shifted to third parties by corporate business. These costs - which include ecological damage, unemployment and underpaid employment, deteriorating work conditions, public health and social protection systems, increasing poverty, inequality and exclusion and the undermining of social capital and institutions - are individually and collectively borne by other agents and outside corporate economy. Economics has therefore provided a well-known and widely used concept for these phenomena: social costs.
1.Because of private under investment in public goods, there is potentially room for government involvement. A good example of this is government provision of education. In many ways, an educated population is a public good because of the positive externalities educated people "spill-over". Educated people typically have higher incomes that result in higher property tax revenues, "educated" communities typically have lower crime levels and more voter participation. This sort of arguments applies to the provision of any public good, and provides an important rationale for why governments should intervene in the economy to correct market failures and provide the efficient level of public goods.
Ex.9. ►◄Translate the following sentences into English.
1. Хотя публичные торги считаются наиболее подходящим методом закупок, позволяющим обеспечить максимально эффективное использование средств, нередко высказываются опасения по поводу того, что специфические особенности процедуры таких торгов, и в частности высокая степень ее транспарентности, могут способствовать сговору между потенциальными поставщиками и, как следствие, исключению конкуренции, что может поставить под сомнение результаты торгов.
1. Препятствия для выхода на рынок блокируют конкуренцию и, следовательно, сдерживают динамику экономического развития.
1. Был поставлен вопрос о том, должна ли модель Соединенных Штатов − страны, где впервые было принято антитрестовское законодательство и законодательно введены гражданско-правовые, а также уголовные санкции − заимствоваться другими режимами защиты конкуренции.
1. В силу культурных и исторических различий традиции добровольческого труда и сам добровольческий сектор не получили одинакового развития во всех странах.
1. Комитет также обеспокоен утверждениями, согласно которым эти нарушения прав человека совершаются при участии государственных властей или при пособничестве, согласии и /или попустительстве органов федерального уровня, штатов и муниципальных органов.
2. Такая система служебной аттестации позволила бы проводить своевременные, периодические оценки и охватывала бы также дополнительные критерии, такие как руководящая роль, подотчетность и управленческая компетентность.
1. Возьмем пример воздуха и воды, которые не входят в объекты права частной собственности, так как являются объектами коллективной собственности.
1. Несмотря на то, что будет существовать риск сговора, поскольку участники торгов будут знать друг друга, подобные риски являются неотъемлемым элементом использования закрытых рамочных соглашений, и, соответственно, определять, приемлем ли в данном случае ЭРА, как об этом говорится выше, необходимо в тот момент, когда определяется, как будет действовать само рамочное соглашение.
1. При особо серьезных нарушениях – должностных (коррупция), нарушениях антимонопольных законов и конфиденциальности данных – вы также сможете использовать портал служебных разоблачений.
1. Стратегия осуществляется в партнерстве с директивными органами, местными органами власти, деловыми и волонтерскими организациями.
1. Стремление к созданию социальных благ не следует отделять от управления государственными расходами и искоренения коррупции.
1. Уникальность национального механизма состоит в том, что председатель Комитета женщин одновременно является заместителем Премьер министра, что дает организации право осуществлять координацию социального партнерства государственных с общественными и неправительственными организациями.
1. Государственные органы, организации и учреждения подчиняются национальным законам, регулирующим использование государственных средств и правительственных субсидий для выполнения общественных задач.
1. Чтобы выполнять свои функции, правительственным агентствам часто приходится покупать товары и услуги на государственные средства и для общественных целей. Такие покупки обычно называют правительственными или государственными закупками.
1. Хорошо продуманные государственные субсидии обеспечивают более высокий уровень финансирования из частного сектора и инвестиций из сбережений, накопленных общинами.
PART III
Reading 4
The role of Government
What government should or should not do needs to be of fundamental concern to public managers. In mixed economies there must be some demarcation between those activities that fall in either the public sector or the private sector. The dividing line varies between different nations at different times, but, in the last two decades of the twentieth century, it definitely moved away from the public sector and towards the private sector. This transfer of resources and functions to the private sector obviously affects those who work in the public sector or rely on it in some way. If a public activity is less valued by the community, if activities historically provided by governments are being marketized, the rationales for doing these things are of obvious interest to public managers.
All government activities require organization and staff – the public or civil service. But the operations of the bureaucracy, its theories and principles, are not well understood and there is a curious ambivalence towards it by the citizenry. At the same time as there are demands for governments to do more, and to do so more effectively and efficiently, the public services are often seen as parasitic on the private sector. Rather than being seen as an instrument of the people, the public service is regarded with suspicion both for its power and for red tape, delay and inefficiency. At the end of the twentieth century, there seemed to be great uncertainty as to the role of the public sector.
Since the mid-1970s, most OECD nations have undertaken a reassessment of the role of their public sectors. Those who believe in the model of the free market as the basis for a more dynamic economy argue that governments are currently involved in activities which are inappropriate and that the size and role of government must be cut back drastically. The current debate on the role of government mainly concerns its economic aspects: should it provide the goods and services it does, or should some be handed to the private sector? Should it subsidize or regulate to the extent it does? Such questions also raise the very political matter of how various members of the community perceive and value the things government does.
Governments have a variety of roles and their full scope is not easily measured. It is no exaggeration to say the public sector affects the entire economy and society. Without a legal framework to enforce contracts, private business activity would not work. Regulations, taxes, permits, infrastructure, standards, conditions of employment all affect decisions made in private markets. The public sector is a large purchaser of goods and services from the private sector. Government redistributes income from better-off members of the society to those who are not. The public sector has a crucial role to play in determining real living standards which depend for most people on government services – the quality of schools, hospitals, community care, the environment, public transport, law and order, town planning, and welfare services – at least as much as the quality of consumer goods and services.
It is increasingly realized that good government is needed for economic development. As Stiglitz1 argues (2001, pp. 346-7), “There is a ‘ special responsibility ’ for government to create the institutional infrastructure that markets require in order to work effectively. At a minimum, this institutional infrastructure includes effective laws and the legal institutions to implement them. If markets are to work effectively, there must be well-established and clearly defined property rights; there must be effective competition, which requires antitrust enforcement; and there must be confidence in the markets, which means that contracts must be enforced and that antitrust laws must be effective, reflecting widely accepted codes of behavior.” The debate is now not whether governments should have no role, bur what that role should be.
There is a broader ideological subtext behind particular arguments about the public sector. The 1980s saw and extensive debate about privatizing public enterprises, starting in the United Kingdom. This might be regarded as a narrow debate about government business activities, but the positions of the participants were fundamentally determined by how they viewed the public sector in a general ideological sense. The same broad debate may be behind attempts to reform public sector management and to control spending better. The trend towards a market-based public sector may reflect concerns about the role of government, as much as worries about the efficiency and effectiveness of the bureaucratic model.
The 1980s debate over the public sector became, at times, an intense ideological struggle in some countries, one in which the last vestiges of socialism were to be rooted out by new Right governments. Opposition to change was no less intense as public sector workers, unions and supporters tried to maintain government activities at their previous levels. The Reagan and Thatcher governments of the 1980s led the way, but were only part of sustained theoretical and practical attacks on the command or bureaucratic part of society in favour of the market principle. However, as the reforms continued through changes of government it became clear that party-political considerations were only a minor part of the public management reforms. It is noteworthy that successive governments did not lead a return to traditional bureaucratic administration.
The attacks on the scale, scope and methods of the public sector gave credence to measures to reduce government and change its management. Governments wishing to cut the public sector have found a responsive chord from a community seemingly disillusioned with bureaucracy, even if it wanted no cuts in services. It could be argued that the election of the Clinton administration in the Unites States in 1992 signaled a return to governmentalism2 after twelve years of anti-governmentalism, or that Major or Blair in Britain were less extremist and confrontationist than was Thatcher. However, the general attitude to reducing government and curbing the power of the bureaucracy seems more entrenched than political changes would suggest. It is also notable that Leftist parties in government in France, New Zealand and Australia have been just as eager to reduce government as were Reagan and Thatcher. It seems most probable that neo-classicism3 is so well established in the economics profession, and in what remains of the bureaucracy, that it is unlikely that large-scale welfarism4 will return in the short term.
However, there are some indications of a return to government. Following the terrorist attack on the World Trade Centre in New York in 2001, approval of government institutions rose to high levels. Shortly after that the collapse of large businesses in the United States, notably the energy company Enron, led to calls for more government involvement to keep the private sector honest. There may be some turning towards government or at least some re-establishment of the very worth of government in the eyes of citizens.
Within the public sector, however, such changes in sentiment are most unlikely to see a return to large-scale bureaucratic solutions to problems, even as government itself makes a comeback. Following some experimentation with a minimalist state, it did appear by the late 1990s that a new age of pragmatism about the role of government was emerging. Rather than the best government being one that was reduced to the barest minimum, government was seen as an important and powerful institution which could facilitate the role of the private sector instead of being its axiomatic competitor.
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The role of government has waxed and waned over the past 250 years in Western societies. Change in the role of government, really a conflict of theories about government, remains important today. The method of government involvement has also varied. In the mercantilist era, the main instrument used was government regulation, as budgets were very small and there was little government production. The era of the welfare state relied heavily on government provision of goods and services through higher general taxation and redistribution of resources to the poorer sections of society. Government production was relatively high in some countries, such as the post-war United Kingdom, when it was believed that, through nationalization, there would be benefits from government ownership of major industries such as steel, coal and utilities. There are various theories for deciding which functions should be provided by governments. Some argue that only goods or services that cannot be provided by markets should be provided by governments. Others argue, however, that as government is the embodiment of the will of the people as expressed through the political process, there should be no limits to its scope.
While there are adherents to the different ideological perspectives that have historical antecedents, one sign of a new pragmatism is that there seems to be less heat generated in the debate over the economic role of government than in recent decades. There is currently little argument in favour of further extending the reach of the public sector, but neither is there now much ideological argument in favour of further widespread cuts.
Source: condensed from http://do.gendocs.ru/docs/index-206555.html
Notes
1. Stiglitz, Joseph E. – Стиглиц, Джозеф Е. (1943 - ) – американский экономист, лауреат нобелевской премии 2001 г. (совместно с Дж. А. Акерлофом и М. А. Спенсом) за "анализ рынков с асимметричной информацией"; является одним из лидеров нового кейнсианства.
2. Governmentalism – a theory advocating extension of the sphere and degree of government activity; the tendency toward extension of the role of government, range of activities, or power.
3. Neoclassicism = neoclassical economics – a term variously used for approaches to economics focusing on the determination of prices, outputs, and income distributions in markets through supply and demand, often as mediated through a hypothesized maximization of income-constrained utility by individuals and of cost-constrained profits of firms employing available information and factors of production, in accordance with rational choice theory. Neoclassical economics dominates microeconomics, and together with Keynesian economics forms the neoclassical synthesis, which dominates mainstream economics today.
4. Welfarism – the principle that a country should look after its citizens by providing social and financial support; система государственных мер в социальной области; (US inf.) «социальное нахлебничество»: попытки некоторой части малообеспеченных слоев населения жить длительное время на пособия, не пытаясь устроиться на работу.
Developing ESP Competencies
Ex.1.► Match the following terms and collocations to their descriptions below:
| Conditions of employment The community Community care Welfare services Antitrust enforcement General taxation |
1. ________________________ - society in general (society and the people in it); people living in an area.
2. __________________________ - care provided by the state or another organization for people in need.
3. ____________________________ - a compulsory transfer of money from private individuals, institutions and commercial enterprises or to finance government expenditure.
4. ______________________________ - terms agreed between an employer and employee that are legally enforceable through a contract of employment.
5. ________________________________ - implementation of US legislative initiatives aimed at protecting trade and commerce from monopolistic business practices that restrict or eliminate competition.
6. _________________________________ - help for people living in their homes who need help looking after themselves.
Ex.2.► Suggest Russian equivalents for the following common collocations (use a dictionary, if necessary):
Community = местное сообщество, население; вместе живущие люди; община
| 1.Local community | |
| 2. World community | |
| 3. Business community | |
| 4. International community | |
| 5. Community service(s) |
Activities/activity = деятельность; мероприятия
| 1 . Human activity | |
| 2. Administrative activity | |
| 3. Economic activity | |
| 4. Criminal activity | |
| 5. Management activity | |
| 6. Business activity/activities | |
| 7. Commercial activities/activity | |
| 8. Political activities/activity | |
| 9. Banking activities | |
| 10. Social activities | |
| 11. Leisure activities | |
| 12.Legal activities |
Welfare = социальное обеспечение
| 1. ‘Welfare state’ | |
| 2. Welfare benefit | |
| 3. Welfare funds | |
| 4. Welfare allocations | |
| 5. Welfare expenditure | |
| 6. Welfare burden | |
| 7. Welfare payment | |
| 8. Welfare service | |
| 9. Welfare services | |
| 10. Welfare work | |
| 11. Welfare worker |
Ex.3.►Find in the text words or phrases that mean:
1. The establishment of boundaries or limits separating two areas, groups, or things ____________________________________________________________
2. The people of a district or country considered collectively, especially in the context of social values and responsibilities; society _________________________________________________________________
3. A set of reasons or a logical basis for a course of action or belief _________________________________________________________________
4. A person or organization getting money or other things from people without doing anything in return (adj) _________________________________________________________________
5. Official document giving someone authorization to do something _________________________________________________________________
6. A fact or a motive taken into account in deciding something _________________________________________________________________
7. Accept something as true __________________________________________
8. Undergo alternate increases and decreases _____________________________
Ex.4.►Find in the text English equivalents to the following words and phrases:
1.В отношении (чего-либо) _____________________________________
2.Совершать переоценку _______________________________________
3.Условия занятости, найма _____________________________________
4.Законность и правопорядок ___________________________________
5.Как минимум, по меньшей мере _______________________________
6.Общественная деятельность ___________________________________
7.Точки зрения участников _____________________________________
8.Пережитки социализма _______________________________________
9.Воплощение воли народа _____________________________________
Ex.5.◄► Paraphrase the following expressions from the text and give their Russian equivalents:
1.Be of fundamental concern to somebody ___________________________________________________________
2.Government activities _________________________________________
3.Legal framework _____________________________________________
4.The rationales for doing smth ___________________________________________________________
5.Codes of behavior ____________________________________________
6.Sustained attacks (on smth) _____________________________________
7.Successive governments________________________________________
8.Find a responsive chord (from) ___________________________________________________________
9.Face little effective opposition ___________________________________________________________
10.Historical antecedents
___________________________________________________________
Ex.6.► Translate the sentences underlined in Reading 4 into Russian.
Ex.7.►◄ Explain the meaning of the following sentences. Study the context in which the sentences appear in the text. Be ready to define the terms and words in bold used in the sentences (if necessary, make use of other sources).
1.If a public activity is less valued by the community, if activities historically provided by governments are being marketized, the rationales for doing these things are of obvious interest to public managers.
1.The trend towards a market-based public sector may reflect concerns about the role of government, as much as worries about the efficiency and effectiveness of the bureaucratic model.
1.However, as the reforms continued through changes of government it became clear that party-political considerations were only a minor part of the public management reforms.
2.It seems most probable that neo-classicism is so well established in the economics profession, and in what remains of the bureaucracy, that it is unlikely that large-scale welfarism will return in the short term.
1.Shortly after that the collapse of large businesses in the United States, notably the energy company Enron, led to calls for more government involvement to keep the private sector honest.
1.Rather than the best government being one that was reduced to the barest minimum, government was seen as an important and powerful institution which could facilitate the role of the private sector instead of being its axiomatic competitor.
1.While there are adherents to the different ideological perspectives that have historical antecedents, one sign of a new pragmatism is that there seems to be less heat generated in the debate over the economic role of government than in recent decades.
Ex.8.►◄ Answer the questions in detail referring to the text.
1.Why should government activities be of fundamental concern to public managers?
2.What changes took place in the assessment of the role of government and the public sector at the end of the 20th century?
3.Why is it no exaggeration to say the public sector affects the entire economy and society?
4.What ideological subtext is behind the arguments about the public sector?
5.What was the result of the attacks on the public sector?
6.What was the general attitude to government functions at the end of the 20th century?
7.What are the indications of a return to government?
8.How has the role of government changed in Western societies over the past 250 years?
Ex.9. ►Translate the last 2 paragraphs of the text into Russian in writing .
Ex.10. ►◄Translate the sentences into English in writing. Use the appropriate terms and word collocations.
1.Деловую активность можно будет стимулировать только вливанием государственных средств.
2.Политика, проводимая правительством, будет способствовать повышению благосостояния всех граждан.
3.Условия приема на работу, а также гигиена и безопасность труда на рабочем месте – это вопросы (проблемы), которыми занимается профсоюзная организация.
4.Международное сообщество согласилось с тем, что промышленно развитые страны должны выделять 4% от общего размера экономической помощи иностранным государствам на программы в области народонаселения.
5.Система социального обеспечения Великобритании нуждается в полной перестройке.
6.Правительства, одно за другим, подвергались постоянным нападкам на проводимую ими политику.
7.Комитет будет работать над правовыми рамками регулирования доступа граждан к базам данных.
8.Преподавателям не разрешают заниматься никакой политической деятельностью.
9.Деловые круги не довольны некоторыми предложениями демократической партии.
10.Подробное описание пособий для пожилых людей публикуется каждый год в апреле.
11.Компания обратилась с просьбой о получении разрешения на управление (эксплуатацию) заводом по переработке опасных отходов.
12.Я хотел работать в таком месте, где я мог бы служить местному сообществу.
13.Банковские операции были парализованы.
14.Правительство должно направлять больше средств благотворительных фондов на больничное обеспечение.
15.Любые полученные доходы полностью освобождаются от налогообложения.
PART IV
Consolidation
1.►◄ Surf the Internet to find contexts the following terms and collocations appear in; copy and save the sentences the terms are used in and translate them into Russian.
Good/better government; good governance; government policy; government action/activities; government provision; government production; government services; government procurement; government regulation; government monitoring.
2. ►Translate the article into Russian in writing using appropriate terms.
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