Basic Functions of Government
UNIT 4
The Role of Government
Discussion
• What in your opinion is the role of government in the modern world?
Try to define the terms ‘ government ’ and ‘ governance ’ in your own words.
• In what ways do you think are the two concepts – ‘ government ’ and ‘ governance ’ – interdependent? Which of these concepts is wider?
PART I
Ex.1. Match up the words from text A given below to their Russian equivalents.
Corporate governance, company law, government, NGOs, governance, good governance, stakeholders.
1.Управление, руководство; власть –
2.Неправительственные организации –
3.Эффективное/рациональное управление –
4.Закон о компаниях –
5.Корпоративное управление –
6.Правительство; форма правления; управление –
7.Заинтересованная сторона, заинтересованное лицо –
Ex.2. Read Text A and explain what is meant by the terms ‘ government ’ , ‘ governance ’ and ‘ good governance ’ .
Text A
‘ Government ’ and ‘ governance ’
There is an important distinction to be made between ‘government’ and ‘governance ’. Government is the institution itself, where governance is a broader concept describing forms of governing which are not necessarily in the hands of the formal government. Corporate governance, for example, refers to how the private sector structures its internal mechanisms to provide for accountability to its stakeholders; while government may be involved in this through the company law, there are aspects which it does not control. Governance need not necessarily be conducted exclusively by governments. Private firms, associations of firms, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) all engage in it, often in association with governmental bodies, to create governance; sometimes without governmental authority.
The concept of governance is appropriate for public management as opposed to the narrower concept of government. Good governance tries to do more than ‘mere efficient management of economic and financial resources, or particular public services; it is also a broad reform strategy to strengthen the institutions of civil society, and make government more open, responsive, accountable and democratic’.
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Source: http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/
Ex.3. Match the words on the right to those on the left to make collocations from Text A, and translate them into Russian.
1.corporate a. bodies
2.nongovernmental b. resources
3.private c. authority
4.financial d. governance
5.reform e. society
6.civil f. management
7.good g. organizations
8.efficient h. strategy
9.governmental i. firms
Ex.4. Translate Text A into Russian paying attention to the underlined parts of sentences.
Ex.5. Comment on the following statements in connection with text A:
1. Direct provision by government and the bureaucracy … depends on the circumstances where the best form of governance might be found. (Owen E. Hughes, 1994)
2. Rulemaking and rule interpretation in global governance have become pluralized.
3. Rules are no longer a matter simply for states or intergovernmental organizations.
Ex.6.◄► Supply each definition with the correct term from the box. Look up the Russian equivalents of the terms.
| Government Governess Governance Governor Governing body |
1.________________________
1) an official appointed to govern a town or region; the elected executive head of a state of the US; the representative of the British Crown in a colony or in a Commonwealth state that regards the monarch as head of state 2) the head of a public institution; a member of a governing body 3) the person in authority; one's employer
2.________________________
1) (treated as sing. or pl.) the group of people with the authority to govern a country or state; a particular ministry in office 2) the system by which a state or community is governed 3) the action or manner of controlling or regulating a state, organization, or people
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3.________________________
1) the action or manner of governing a state, organization, etc; the processes and institutions, both formal and informal, that guide and restrain the collective activities of a group (Keohane and Nye) 2) archaic rule; control
4.__________________________
1) a group of people who formulate the policy and direct the affairs of an institution in partnership with the managers, especially on a voluntary or part-time basis
5.___________________________
1) a woman employed to teach children in a private household
Ex.7 .►◄ Complete the sentences with the appropriate terms from exercises 1 and 6 above. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. ……………………….. comprises all of the processes of governing – whether undertaken by the ………………………. of a state, by a market or by a network – over a social system.……………………………… may take many forms, driven by many different motivations and with many different results. For instance, a …………………….. may operate as a democracy where citizens vote on who should govern and the public good is the goal, while a non-profit organization or a corporation may be governed by a small board of directors and pursue more specific aims.
2.A variety of entities, known generically as …………………………………….. , can govern. The most formal is a ………………………….. , a body whose sole responsibility and authority is to make binding decisions in a given geopolitical system (such as a state) by establishing laws.
3.Global …………………………… is defined as "the complex of formal and informal institutions, mechanisms, relationships, and processes between and among states, markets, citizens and organizations, both inter- and non-governmental, through which collective interests on the global plane are articulated, rights and obligations are established, and differences are mediated".
4.Corporate …………………………….. consists of the set of processes, customs, policies, laws and institutions affecting the way people direct, administer or control a corporation.
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5.Each …………………………… has a kind of constitution, a statement of its governing principles and philosophy. Historically prevalent forms of …………………………….. include monarchy, aristocracy, timocracy, oligarchy, democracy, theocracy and tyranny. The main aspect of any philosophy of …………………………… is how political power is obtained, with the two main forms being electoral contest and hereditary succession.
1.A …………………………….. is, in most cases, a public official with the power to govern the executive branch of a non-sovereign or sub-national level of government, ranking under the head of state. In federations, …………………………….. may be the title of a politician who governs a constituent state and may be either appointed or elected. The power of the individual ……………………………. can vary dramatically between political systems, with some ……………………………. having only nominal or largely ceremonial power, while others having a complete control over the entire government.
2.With a …………………………….. agency, families can trust that each candidate has the education level, verifiable references, and experience necessary for such a high-stakes position, and candidates can trust that the families take their position seriously and appreciate the significant impact a qualified, professional in-home educator can have on a child’s education.
3.Democracy, meaning "rule of the people", is a system of …………………………… in which the citizens exercise power directly or elect representatives from among themselves to form a………………………………. , such as a parliament.
4.According to the existing contemporary, national-level data, quality of ……………………….. , or ‘………………………………’ is on average higher for EU Member States as compared with other world regions.
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5.The European Quality of …………………………. Index (EQI) is the result of novel survey data on corruption and ……………………………….. at the regional level within the EU, conducted first in 2010, and then again in 2013 and in 2017.
6.A ………………………………………………….. (…………….) is any non-profit, voluntary citizens' group which is organized on a local, national or international level.
7.A ……………………………………is a party with an interest in an enterprise or project; ………………………………….s in a corporation include investors, employees, customers and suppliers.
8.……………………………………… in the UK is mainly set out in the Companies Act 2006 (the 2006 Act). This new Act is the largest single piece of legislation ever passed by the UK Parliament, and is the product of eight years of consultation on ……………………………………... reform.
9.…………………………. finance their work through a variety of sources including membership dues, foundation and government grants, sales of services and business activities like credit cards, cruises and tee-shirt sales.
10.……………………………………………. is the system of rules, practices and processes by which a company is directed and controlled.
11.In the majority of modern democracies power is divided among three branches of………………………………… : executive, legislative and judicial. This is done to provide for the existence of checks and balances so that none of ………………………………. parts is unlimited and becomes totalitarian and harms democracy.
12. Representatives of independent citizen organizations are increasingly active in policy making at the United Nations. These organizations - known at the UN as " ………………………………………… .." or " ……………………… " - are often the most effective voices for the concerns of ordinary people in the international arena. ……………………… . include the most outspoken advocates of human rights, the environment, social programs, women's rights and more.
13. …………………………………………….. (known as Corporate Law in some countries) refers to the formation and ……………………………….. of corporate entities.
14.The Coca-Cola Company is committed to sound principles of ……………………………………………… .
15.The term ……………………………………. has its roots in horse racing. A stake race is one in which the prize money is derived from the entry fees that horse owners pay to enter the race. The entry fee is called a stake, a synonym for risk. The person or entity that takes care of the entry fees until the prize money is awarded is called the stakeholder. Traditionally, the stakeholder has no financial interest in the outcome of the race.
Ex.8. ►◄Translate the following sentences into English.
1.Однако ценность всей этой информации зависит не только от ее точности, своевременности представления и учета потребностей заинтересованных сторон, но и от возможности свободного и всеобщего доступа к ней.
1.Перестройка организационной структуры правительственных учреждений проводилась в целях упрощения административных структур, согласования действий правительства и повышения эффективности.
1.В большом числе стран весьма быстро создаются возможности для электронного распространения государственной документации и расширения доступа населения к правительственной информации.
1.Деятельность неправительственных организаций не заменяет собой функции и деятельность правительств.
1.Новая Зеландия отметила, что эффективное/надлежащее управление является ключом к сокращению масштабов нищеты и обеспечению устойчивого развития.
1.Задача корпоративного управления состоит в том, чтобы способствовать осуществлению эффективного, предпринимательского и разумного управления, которое может привести к успеху компании в долгосрочной перспективе.
1.После серии конференций и консультаций с заинтересованными сторонами нынешнее коалиционное правительство постановило учредить национальный превентивный механизм, уполномочить Совет омбудсмена осуществлять функцию контроля и включить новую структуру в существующий Консультативный совет по правам человека и его комиссии.
Text B
Basic Functions of Government
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