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ASTRAKHAN
Astrakhan is the administrative centre of the Astrakhan region, which also includes 12 other districts and towns, situated in the southern-eastern part of the Russian Federation. The city lies on the left bank of the Volga River, close to where it flows into the Caspian Sea at an altitude of 23 meters below sea level. In the west the Astrakhan region borders on Kalmykiya, in the north - on the Volgograd region, in the east - on Kazakhstan. The city is situated on 11 islands; occupied territory - 500 square kilometers - is divided into 4 districts. The population of the Astrakhan region is 1000.9 thousand people (2008 Census).
Astrakhan features a steppe climate with cold winters and hot summers. Rainfall is scarce but relatively evenly distributed throughout the course of the year. Annual precipitation is 230 millimeters in a year.
High presence of different nationalities has become an Astrakhan historic peculiarity. In Astrakhan there are more than 100 nationalities, 14 living in peace with each other religious confessions, 17 national cultural societies, 155 public unions (associations). Over 150 minorities and ethnic groups are found in Astrakhan, among them: Russians - 70.0%, Kazakhs - 14.3%, Tatars - 7.0%,, Ukrainians - 1.2%, Chechens - 1.0%, Belarusians, Jews, Armenians, Kalmyks and others - less than 1.0% (2002).
Astrakhan is one of the oldest Russian towns. It has a long and interesting history. Being located at the north of the Caspian Sea, it stood on the Great Silk Way and played an important role connecting West and East. During many centuries Astrakhan and its region was the place, where different civilizations met. Many peoples inhabited the Lower Volga since the ancient sea had retreated.
In the thirteenth century a large trade centre - Sarai Batu - the capital of the Golden Horde - rose up in the Lower Volga. It attracted the merchants from the most far-away countries and was famous for its palaces.
The city of Hadzhy-Tarkhan, the centre of the Astrakhan Khanate, which had detached from the Golden Horde, rose up on the right bank of the Volga. It was the historical predecessor of Astrakhan. In different years it had different names: Astrakhan, Gitorkhan, Tsitrokhan. Such a variety of names still has no exact historical explanation as well as the name of modern Astrakhan itself.
Originally Astrakhan was located on the right bank of the Volga, and only in the sixteenth century it was replaced onto the opposite bank, as the new place was much safer.
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In 1558 a wooden citadel was erected on the left bank of the Volga. It was the starting point of Astrakhan. And soon the Kremlin was done of brick. It was being built since 1582 to 1589. The Kremlin in Astrakhan is righteously considered to be an outstanding monument of Russian architecture and fortification of the sixteenth century. Being the main place of interest in Astrakhan, the Kremlin hasn't lost its spiritual significance. The ancient walls and towers of the Kremlin remind us of the glorious deeds of our ancestors.
The main adornment of the Kremlin is the Uspensky Cathedral erected in 1698-1710 by an architect Dorofei Myakishev who managed to embody in his stone masterpiece the idea of the spiritual strengthening of Russia. They say that when Peter 1 saw the Uspensky Cathedral he exclaimed that there was no other cathedral of such beauty in Russia and ordered to erect a similar cathedral in St. Petersburg.
In June 1722 his Highness Peter I paid a visit to sunny Astrakhan. The Tsar was getting ready to a march to Persia and that was why he was personally interested in the fortification of the southern outpost of Russia. On his initiative the Caspian fleet was created in the mouth of the Volga. Long before the fleet was founded the first Russian military ship "Orel" was sent to Astrakhan to guard the trade routes. The historic name of the great Russian Commander Suvorov A.V. is also connected with the fortification of Astrakhan where he stayed during 2 years.
The history of the city and its sight are inseparable, and one can easily guess the outlines of ancient times in the modern city. There are a lot of historical places in Astrakhan, especially in the centre of the town. Its quiet streets and old houses are inexplicably attractive. And the sad spirit of old times is flying over them. The architectural style of modern Astrakhan with a lot of historical buildings makes it possible to call the city a historical museum under the open sky. It's not by chance that Astrakhan is mentioned in the list of historical cities of Russia.
At the beginning of the twentieth century Astrakhan was a well-known cultural centre with rich musical and theatrical traditions. There were lots of clubs and Societies' of Culture here. Educated people appreciated literature and were keenly interested in the world stars: Fyodor Shalyapin, Maria Ermolova, Vera Komissarzhevskaya performed on the stages of Astrakhan People coming to Astrakhan were often surprised at the great number of wooden houses, so uncommon for the steppes and half-deserts. Astrakhan was famous for its wood-working industry and a lot of timber was floated down the Volga. Russian tower architecture was to be observed in the streets of the city. Skilful craftsmen decorated the houses with masterfully carved ornaments.
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Southern Venice! Astrakhan is sometimes called so for it’s, numerous canals and channels connected with the Volga. Astrakhan may be also .called the city of bridges: there are about 50 of them! Modern industrial bridges and small foot bridges, standard ferro-concrete bridges and bridges with elaborate old-fashioned cast-iron lace - they all remain the main feature of "the city on the water".
Astrakhan is a frontier city - the southern gates of Russia. It is situated on the crossroads between Europe and Asia, which make it a commercial and transport center. Astrakhan is a large river and seaport. The main waterway of the country, the Volga, flows through Astrakhan and connects it with the Black, Baltic, Northern and Mediterranean seas. All these advantages made the city of Astrakhan a linking point for the goods coming from India and Iran to Europe. Among other advantages of Astrakhan, which make this city attractive, is a rich supply of natural resources: gas, oil, salt, sand, clay, gravel, gypsum, fish, and tillable soil. Astrakhan industry presents diversified structure with high concentration of region potential (56%) including food, light, chemical, woodworking and flour industries, machine building and metal fabricating, building supplies production, water transport, electric power industry.
One of the biggest industries the chemical industry as the region has large deposits of gas and oil. According to the latest researches Astrakhan region possesses the fifth world largest oil deposit. The most important national economy branch in the region is shipbuilding and ship maintenance, which meet the needs of fish, gas and oil industries. Astrakhan plants produce cargo-ships, oil platforms and different kind of ship equipment. One of the oldest industries is fish industry. Astrakhan is a large world exporter of black caviar and various kinds of fish. Agriculture is also worth speaking of. Astrakhan is famous for its tomatoes and water-melons exported all over the country.
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Astrakhan is a cultural center, too. There are several universities and more than 30 branches of different institutes and universities. In Astrakhan you can find five theatres, several museums presenting local flora and fauna and native traditions, and a picture gallery.
But one of the first that people associate with Astrakhan is lotus, the most beautiful wonder-flower growing in the Volga delta and its lowlands. The delta of the great Russian river Volga is the most northern place of location of lotus in the world. Lotus always attracted people's attention. Some of them admired the beauty of lotus flowers making legends about them. Others decorated their dwellings and altars with lotus. Other people used it like a medicine. It is impossible to describe all the beauty of the fields of blooming lotus. Enormous, about one meter in diameter, round leather-like dark-green with Wax thin coating leaves cover the surface of the water. Delicate fragrance of flowers resembles the smell of almond. Lotus is the relic plant. You can see its pictures on the walls of ancient Egyptian temples. It is a very unusual and mysterious flower. Lotus blooms only three days changing its color from bright pink to absolutely white. Not long ago the fields of lotus were investigated by a scientist, and he came to the conclusion that, leaves of lotus absorb an enormous quantity of cosmic energy. The plant accumulates this energy and returns it to the environment. Lotus fields are the places with the strong positive energy. Just because of this fact it is very healthy to visit lotus fields.
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The Astrakhan State Reserve is located in the delta of the Volga river. It is one, of the oldest and most beautiful in the country, founded in 1919. Flora and fauna of Astrakhan region is unique. Various species of fish, birds and animals can be found here. Among them are Dalmatian pelican, mute swan, pheasant, sturgeons and others.
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