When were the trams introduced first?
Buses were started in Paris in 1820. In 1828 they were introduced in London by George Shillibeer, a coach builder who used the French name Omnibus which was obtained from the Latin word meaning «for all». His omnibuses were driven by three horses and had seats for 22 passengers. Then in then 20th century reliable petrol engines became available, and by 1912 the new motor buses were fast replacing horse-driven buses.
Trams were introduced in the middle of the 19th century. The idea was that, as the rails were smoother than the roads, less effort was needed to pull a tram than a bus. The first trams were horse-drawn but the later trams were almost all driven by electricity. The electric motor driving the tram was usually with electric current from overhead wires. Such wires are also used by trolleybuses, which run on rubber tyres and do not need rails.
Another form of transport used in London, Paris, Berlin, Moscow, St.Petersburg, Kiev and some other crowded cities is the underground railway.
London’s first underground railway of the «tube» type was opened in 1863, the Moscow underground in 1935.
What do the longest oil pipe-lines connect?
The pipe-lines, which were in use by the ancient Romans for carrying water supplies to their houses, are now mainly used to transport petroleum. The first pipe-line of this kind was laid in Pennsylvania, the United States, in 1865.
Some of the longest oil pipe-lines connect oil-fields in Iraq and near the Persian Gulf with ports on the Mediterranean coast. A famous Pipe-line Under the Ocean was laid across the English Channel in 1944.
What are the cableways used for?
A form of transport which is quite common in some mountainous parts of the world, especially in Switzerland, is the aerial cableway. Cableways are used at nearly all winter sport centers to pull or carry skiers to the top of the slopes. Cableways are used by many Alpine villages which lie high up the mountain-sides for bringing up their supplies from the valley bellow.
Задания:
Распределите правильно слова, в соответствии с развитием транспорта
Omnibus, cableway, steam engines, pipe-lines, motor cars, diesel engines
2. Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты английских слов и словосочетаний:
Invention of the steam engines усилие
efficient engine дизельный двигатель
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internal combustion engine. омнибус
motor transport изобретение парового двигателя
The rapid development бензин для транспорта
diesel - engine троллейбусы
Trams продуктивный двигатель
Omnibuses связь с нефтяной сферой
horse - driven buses . двигатель внутреннего сгорания
Effort моторный транспорт
The electric motor трамваи
trolleybuses , лошадиная сила
pipe - lines электрический мотор
transport petroleum. трубопровод
connect oil-fields бензин
быстрое развитие
3. Закончите предложения, выбрав их из текста:
1. People experienced a similar feeling after the….
2. The first practical internal combustion engine was introduced in the form of a gas engine by…
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3. The use of motor vehicles for carrying heavy loads developed more slowly until…
4. The first trams were horse-drawn but the later trams were…
5. The first pipe-line of this kind was laid…
6. A form of transport which is quite common in some mountainous parts of the world, especially in Switzerland, is…
Automobile production
Specialists in automobile industry deal with designing and manufacturing cars, so they should know that the production of the automobile comprises the following phases:
1. Designing
2. Working out the technology of manufacturing processes
3. Laboratory tests
4. Road tests
5. Mass production
Why is it necessary to know all these facts?
It is important to know them as before the automobile (car or truck) is put into mass production, it should be properly designed and the automobile must meet-up-to-date requirements.
What are these requirements?
The automobile must have high efficiency, long service life, driving safety, ease of maintenance and pleasant appearance.
In order to obtain all these qualities engineers should develop up-to-date methods of designing cars, using new types of resistant to corrosion light materials. Also it is important to know computer science because it is intended to shorten the time between designing and manufacturing. Computers offer quick and optimal solutions of problems.
But before the car is put into mass production all its units and mechanisms are subjected to tests, first in the plant’s laboratory, then the car undergoes a rigid quality control in road tests. Only then the car is put into mass production. Why are these tests required? What qualities are required of the automobile? The modern automobile must be rapid in acceleration, must have smooth acting clutch, silent gearbox, dependable brakes and steering system, as well as pleasant appearance. Also it must be comfortable and have all conveniences.
Задания :
а) Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты английских слов и словосочетаний:
1. mechanical engineer а) долгий срок службы
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2. to deal (with) б) запустить в массовое производство
3. designing cars в ) подвергать испытаниям
4. to put into mass production г ) плавное сцепление
5. long service life д) отвечать современным требованиям
6. driving safety е ) иметь дело
7. to meet up-to-date demands ж ) надёжные тормоза и рул . упр - я
8. smooth-acting clutch и) безопасность езды
9. silent gearbox й) бесшумная коробка передач
10 .dependable brakes and steering system к ) инженер - механик
11. to subject to test л) конструирование автомобилей
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