When did diesel-engine Lorries become general?
Курс
The early days of the Automobile
1. One of the earliest attempts to propel a vehicle by mechanical power was suggested by Isaac Newton. But the first self-propelled vehicle was constructed by the French military engineer Cugnot in 1763. He built a steam-driven engine which had three wheels, carried two passengers and run at maximum speed of four miles. The supply of steam lasted only 15 minutes and the carriage had to stop every 100 yards to make more steam.
2. In 1825 a steam engine was built in Great Britain. The vehicle carried 18 passengers and covered 8 miles in 45 minutes. However, the progress of motor cars met with great opposition in Great Britain.
3. In Russia there were cities where motor cars were outlawed altogether. When the editor of the local newspaper in the city of Uralsk bought a car, the governor issued these instructions to the police: «When the vehicle appears in the streets, it is to be stopped and escorted to the police station, where its driver is to be prosecuted».
4. From 1860 to 1900 was a period of the application of gasoline engines to motor cars in many countries. The first to perfect gasoline engine was N. Otto who introduced the four-stroke cycle of operation. By the time motor cars got a standard shape and appearance.
In 1896 a procession of motor cars took place from London to Brighton to show how reliable the new vehicles were.
The cars of that time were very small, two-seated cars with no roof, driven by an engine placed under the seat. Motorist had to carry large cans of fuel and separate spare tyres, for there were no repair or filling stations to serve them.
After World War 1 it became possible to achieve greater reliability of motor cars, brakes became more efficient. Multi-cylinder engines came into use; most commonly used are four-cylinder engines.
5. Gradually the development of vehicles driven by international combustion engine – cars, as they had come to be known, led to the abolition of earlier restrictions. Huge capital began to flow into the automobile industry.
From 1908 to 1924 the number of cars in the world rose from 200 thousand to 20 million; by 1960 it had reached 60 million!
6. There are about 3,000 Americans who like to collect antique cars. They have several clubs such as Antique Automobile Club. Collectors can also advertise in the magazine published by their clubs. The best collection-100 old cars of great rarity – is in possession of William Harrah. He is very influential in his field. The value of his collection is not only historical but also practical: photographs of his cars are used for films and advertisements.
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1. Переведите на русский язык следующие слова и словосочетания:
Vehicle, mechanical power, self-propelled, was constructed, a steam-driven engine, wheels, passengers, motor cars, issued, prosecuted, of gasoline engines,
introduced the four-stroke cycle of operation, two-seated cars, efficient, internal combustion engine, abolition, automobile industry, collect antique cars, advertisements.
2. Переведите письменно первые два абзаца
Закончите предложения, выбрав их из текста
1) In ….. a steam engine was built in Great Britain.
2) From 1860 to 1900 was a period of the application…
3) The cars of that time were very small…
4) Multi-cylinder engines came into use, most commonly used are…
5) The best collection-100 old cars of great rarity –…
Different kinds of land transport
What was the reaction of the people after the invention of the steam engine?
In Washington the story is told of the Patent Office who in the early thirties of the last century suggested that the Office be closed because «everything that could possibly be invented had been invented». People experienced a similar feeling after the invention of the steam engine.
But there was a great need for a more efficient engine than the steam engine, for one without a huge boiler, an engine that could quickly be started and stopped. This problem was solved by the invention of the internal combustion engine.
Who introduced the first cheap motor car?
The first practical internal combustion engine was introduced in the form of a gas engine by the German engineer N. Otto in 1876.
Since then motor transport began to spread in Europe very rapidly. But the person who was the first to make it really popular was Henry Ford, an American manufacturer who introduced the first cheap motor car, the famous Ford Model «T».
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When did diesel-engine Lorries become general?
The rapid development of the internal combustion engine led to its use in the farm tractors, thereby creating a revolution in agriculture. The use of motor vehicles for carrying heavy loads developed more slowly until the 1930s when diesel-engined Lorries became general.
The motor cycle steadily increased in popularity as engines and tyres became more reliable and roads improved. Motor cycles were found well suited for competition races and sporting events and were also recognized as the cheapest form of fast transport.
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