Упр. 3 . Переведите на английский язык:
1. Плечо состоит из двух костей: ключицы спереди и лопатки сзади.
2. Кости туловища включают позвоночник, ребра и грудину.
3. Позвоночник является наиболее важной частью скелета.
4. Кости, которые составляют скелет, делятся на кости туловища, головы и кости нижних и верхних конечностей.
5. Внутри грудной клетки расположены сердце и легкие.
6. Между плечом и локтем есть только одна кость в руке, но между локтем запястьем – их две.
7. У каждого пальца есть 3 кости, а у большого пальца руки их – две.
8. Кости запястья крепко соединены вместе.
9. Бедро, голень, стопа и пальцы – части нижней конечности.
10. Почки, мочеточник, печень, поджелудочная железа, селезенка, мочевой пузырь находятся в брюшной полости.
& What is the skeleton? What does it do?
The skeleton is the entire collection of bones inside our body. The skeletal system is one of the major systems of the human body, and has four major functions: 1) It protects vital organs, such as the brain, heart, and lungs. 2) It supports the body and gives us our distinctive shape. Without our skeleton, we would look more like a slug. 3) It allows us to move in particular ways. 4) It makes new blood cells to maintain a healthy bloodstream. With so many important jobs to do, the skeleton is a vital part of the human body.
Putting the pieces together When humans are born they have around 350 bones. As they grow, some bones fuse together over time to form a single bone. As a result, adults have only 206 bones. The bones of the skeleton can be placed into two groups. The first group is called the axial skeleton, the bones that form our center. The bones of the axial skeleton support and protect the organs of the head, neck and trunk, including the skull, sternum, ribs, and vertebrae. The second part of the human skeleton is called the appendicular skeleton. It is made up of all the bones related to our arms and legs (or appendages), including the
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bones of the arms, hands, legs, feet, shoulder, and hip. The place where two bones meet is called a joint. There are two different types of joints: moving joints and fixed joints. In a fixed joint, the bones are fixed in place and do not move at all. The skull has many of these joints. Although it looks like one solid piece of bone, it is actually made up of 28 bones fused together with fixed joints. Moving joints allow a person to twist and bend. Bones are held together at the joints by stretchy bands of tissue called ligaments. In between the bones of a joint, there is a firm, rubbery tissue called cartilage.
Упр. 4. Практическ о е задани е
1. Your approximate height can be measured from fingertip to fingertip when arms are stretched out wide. Use a tape measure and have someone measure your height from fingertip to fingertip and then from head to toe.
My arm span length: ___________________________________________________
My height (head to toe): _______________________________________________
Difference (if any): ___________________________________________________
2. The biggest bone in the skeleton is the femur (thigh bone), which measures about 1/4 of a person’s height. How long is your femur?
Length of my femur: ___________________________________________________
My height divided by 4: _________________________________________________
Difference (if any): ____________________________________________________
3. About half your bones are in your hands and feet. If you have 206 bones, approximately how many bones are in your hands and feet?
Number of bones in my hands and feet: ________________________________________________
4. Your skeleton makes up about 1/5 of your total body weight. Approximately how much does your skeleton weigh?
My skeleton weighs: ________________________
Упр 5*. Переведите письменно текст на русский язык. Ответьте письменно на вопросы по тексту.
& Andreas Vesalius
Andreas Vesalius (1514-1563) is one of the greatest anatomists. He studied medicine in France. In 1537 he got the degree of Doctor of Medicine. In 1538 his first scientific works in Anatomy were published. In 1543 his most important book "On the Structure of the Human Body" was written.
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His work "On the Structure of the Human Body" consists of seven books. The bones of the skeleton, the joints and cartilages were described in the first book; the muscles - in the second; the vessels - in the third; the nerves - in the fourth; the alimentary tract - in the fifth; the heart and the respiratory system -in the sixth; the brain - in the seventh.
In all his researches Vesalius studied the anatomy of the human body on corpses. He studied the structure of the inner organs of the human body taking into consideration their functions. Vesalius was the first scientist to give a proper description of the human skeleton. He also determined that the right and the left ventricles of the heart were not connected. He determined that there were no opening in the septum (перегородка) between the left and the right heart chambers. It was a great discovery. Before Vesalius all the scientists considered that the left and the right heart chambers were connected by the opening in the septum. His discovery opened the way to the discovery of the pulmonary and systemic blood circulations in future. Vesalius did much to establish new and exact anatomical terms.
The great Russian scientist Pavlov said that the works written by Vesalius composed the first anatomy of the human body in which everything was based on scientific research work.
Note
to take into consideration – принимать во внимание
1).What is Andreas Vesalius? 2). Where did he study medicine? 3).When did he get the degree of Doctor of Medicine? 4). When was his most important book "On the Structure of the Human Body" written? 5). How many books does his work "On the Structure of the Human Body" consist of? 6).What does each book describe? 7).Did he study the structure of the inner organs of the human body taking into consideration' their functions? 8).Was Vesalius the first scientist to give a proper description of the human skeleton? 9).What was his great discovery? 10).Did his discovery open the way to the discovery of the pulmonary and systemic blood circulations in future? 11) Did Vesalius do much to establish new and exact anatomical terms?
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