Упр . 2. Заполните пропуски :
Unit 3. S keleton
The bones form the skeleton of the body. The most important part of the skeleton is the backbone, or vertebral column. The bones which form the skeleton or bony framework of the body are divided into the bones of the head, the bones of the trunk, the bones of the lower and upper limbs.
At the upper end of the backbone there is the skull. Inside the skull is the brain which is in many ways the most important organ of the body. The bones of the head include the bones which make up the box-like structure we call the skull, and also that freely movable bone which forms our lower jaw.
There is another box of bones in front of the backbone. The ribs, which are joined to the backbone behind and bend round towards the breastbone in front, form a strong cage – the chest, inside of which are placed the heart and the lungs. The bones of the trunk include the spinal column, the ribs and the breastbone.
The arms join the body at the shoulder, and the shoulder itself is formed of two bones – the collar-bone in front, and the shoulder-blade behind. Between the shoulder and the elbow there is only one bone in the arm, but between the elbow and the wrist there are two. In the wrist there are eight small bones. They are very firmly bound together, but their large number allows the wrist to bend much more freely than if there were only one or two. Next come the bones of the hand itself. In the body or palm of the hand there are five long bones – one for each finger and one for the thumb. Each of the fingers has three bones, and the thumb has two. Thus we have twenty-seven bones in the framework of the hand and wrist alone.
The trunk is divided into the chest or thorax, and the abdomen. Of the limbs there are two pairs – the upper, or arms, and the lower, or legs; and the legs and arms again are subdivided into several parts – the thigh, the leg, the foot and the toes in the lower limb and the upper arm, the forearm, the wrist and the fingers in the upper limb.
The abdominal cavity contains two kidneys, connected by a tube, the ureter, to a muscular bag, the bladder; the liver, the pancreas and the spleen. The thorax encloses the heart and two lungs.
Cavity of the skull opens into the spinal canal. It contains the brain, which is continuous with the spinal cord. The brain and the spinal cord together constitute the cerebrospinal system. And cavity of the face is occupied by mouth and pharynx, into which the upper end of the alimentary canal (called gullet or esophagus) opens.
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| 1. backbone – позвоночник 2. vertebral column позвоночный столб, спинной хребет 3. spinal column – позвоночный столб 4. bony framework – костный остов, каркас 5. trunk – туловище 6. lower limbs – нижние конечности 7. upper limbs – верхние конечности 8. pancreas – поджелудочная железа 9. to include – включать, содержать в себе 10. lower jaw – нижняя челюсть 11. rib – ребро 12. to join – соединять(ся), присоединять(ся), связывать 13. to bend (bent, bent) – сгибаться 14. breastbone – грудина 15. chest – грудная клетка, грудь 16. thorax (pl тж. thoraces) – грудная клетка 17. arm – рука 18. shoulder – плечевой сустав | 19. collar-bone – ключица 20. shoulder-blade – лопатка 21. pharynx – глотка 22. esophagus – пищевод 23. to bind (bound, bound) – связывать 24. firmly – плотно, крепко, твердо 25. hand – кисть руки 26. palm – ладонь 27. finger – палец руки 28. spinal cord – спинной мозг 29. to constitute – составлять, представлять 30. leg – нога, голень 31. thigh – бедро 32. foot (pl feet) – нога, стопа, ступня 33. toe – палец на ноге 34. upper arm – плечо 35. cerebrospinal system –спинномозговая система 36. to contain – содержать в себе, вмещать 37. muscular bag – мышечная сумка 38. ureter – мочеточник |
Упр. 1 . Найдите в тексте следующие слова:
Образовывать (составлять) скелет; наиболее важная часть скелета; костный остов; кости головы; кости туловища; кости нижних и верхних конечностей; важный орган человека; включают кости; свободно двигающаяся кость; нижняя челюсть; присоединяются к позвоночнику; внутри которой размещены сердце и легкие; включают позвоночник, ребра и грудину; в плече; ключица и лопатка; между плечом и локтем; между локтем и запястьем; крепко связаны вместе; позволяет запястью сгибаться; гораздо свободней; для каждого пальца; большой палец руки, руки и ноги, стопа и пальцы, брюшная полость, вместе составляют спинномозговую систему.
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Упр . 2. Заполните пропуски :
1. At the upper end of the backbone there is … .
2. The bones which form the skeleton are divided into the bones of the head, the bones of … , the bones of … and … … .
3. The most important part of the skeleton is … .
4. … form the skeleton of the body.
5. The bones of the trunk include …, … and … .
6. The ribs form a strong cage - …, inside of which are placed … and … .
7. The arms … the body at the shoulder.
8. Between the shoulder and … there is only one bone in the arm.
9. In … there are eight small bones.
10. In the palm of the hand there are five long bones – one for each … and one for ….
11. … has three bones, and … has two.
12. The trunk is divided into … and … .
13. … contains two kidneys, the ureter, the bladder, the liver, … and … .
14. … and … together constitute the cerebrospinal system.
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