Unit 7. THE MOST COMMON DENTAL AND GUM DISEASES
Exercise 7.1. Learn the active vocabulary for text A:
dental caries – кариес зуба
enamel – зубная эмаль
repair – восстанавливать
affected area – пораженный участок
destroy – разрушать
emerge – появляться
susceptible – восприимчивый
root caries – корневой кариес
recede – отступать
beneath – ниже, под
slip – скользить
crack – треснуть
pull away – выпасть
leave a gap – оставить щель, промежуток
strengthen – укреплять
sealants – герметики, пломбировочные материалы
chlorhexidine – хлоргексидин
xylitol – ксилит
Exercise 7.2. Read text A and translate it into Russian:
Text A. Dental Diseases. Caries
Dental caries begins first inside the tooth. A white spot appears on the enamel. At this stage, the tooth can repair the affected area with the help of fluoride and minerals in saliva. But if the decay continues and breaks through the surface of the enamel, the damage is permanent. The decay must be cleaned out and the cavity filled by a dentist. Left untreated, the decay will worsen and destroy a tooth through the dentin layer and down to the pulp or nerve of the tooth. In young children, teeth that emerge have weak enamel and are highly susceptible to decay. A type of decay called baby bottle tooth caries destroys enamel quickly and is common in children.
Older adults sometimes have chronic caries: cavities that don’t seem to get any worse or do so at a very slow rate. Root caries is more common in older adults. Older adults are more likely to have gums that have receded from years of hard brushing or periodontal disease. Decay can form beneath fillings or other restorations, such as crowns. Sometimes, bacteria and food particles can slip into a tooth if a filling hasn’t been placed properly or if the filling cracks or pulls away from the tooth, leaving a gap.
Do you or your family members get cavities frequently? To prevent your teeth from decaying, you can do two things — strengthen your teeth defense with fluoride and sealants, and reduce the number of bacteria in your mouth. Fluoride strengthens teeth by penetrating the tooth structure and replacing lost minerals. Everyone should brush with a fluoride toothpaste every day. Sealants are protective coatings placed over the tops of chewing teeth. They block bacteria and acids from accumulating in the tiny grooves on the chewing surfaces of these teeth. Although you can never get rid of all the bacteria in your mouth, you can control bacteria by brushing regularly and flossing daily, seeing your dentist and dental hygienist regularly. Some mouthwashes (those that contain chlorhexidine) can also help prevent decay by reducing the number of bacteria in the mouth. Chewing sugarless gums, especially those with xylitol, are also helful in reducing decay and increase the flow of saliva.
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Exercise 7.3. Answer the questions:
1) Where (at what site) does dental caries first begin? 2) What is the first stage of dental caries? 3) How does decay destroy a tooth? 4) Why are teeth in young children highly susceptible to decay? 5) What does “chronic caries” mean? 6) In what cases does decay form beneath fillings or other restorations? 7) How does fluoride strengthen teeth?
Exercise 7.4. Learn the active vocabulary for text B:
pulpitis – пульпит
extend – простираться, расширяться
expose – подвергать(ся)
sequence – последовательность, ряд
inflammation – воспаление
apical foramen – верхушечное отверстие
swelling – отек, набухание
rigid walls – жесткие стенки
abruptly – внезапно
alveolar abscess – альвеолярный абсцесс, флюс
acute – острый
chronic – хронический
Exercise 7.5. Read text B and translate it into Russian:
Text B. Dental diseases. Pulpitis
Pulpitis occurs when caries extends through the dentine to reach the pulp. The pulp is then said to be exposed and the sequence of event described under inflammation follows. There is an increased blood flow through the apical foramen into the pulp. Swelling cannot occur, however, as the pulp is confined within the rigid walls of the root canal and pulp chamber. Pressure builds up instead and causes intense pain. A much more important result of this pressure, however, is compression of the blood vessels passing through the tiny apical foramen. This cuts off the blood supply and causes death of the pulp. When the pulp dies, its nerves die too, and the severe toothache stops abruptly. But the respite is short as pulp death leads to another very painful condition called alveolar abscess. Pulpitis may be acute or chronic. It has many causes, apart from caries, but always ends in pulp death.
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Exercise 7.6. Find the equivalents to the following words and word combinations:
достигать пульпы, последовательность событий, усиленное поступление крови, пульповая камера, сильная боль, сдавливание кровеносных сосудов, крошечное апикальное отверстие, кровоснабжение, резко, альвеолярный абсцесс, гибель пульпы.
Exercise 7.7. Find the sentences with the following word combinations in text B and translate them into Russian:
to be exposed, through the apical foramen, swelling, pressure, blood supply, severe toothache, acute, pulp death.
Exercise 7.8. Answer the questions:
1) When does pulpitis occur? 2) What sequence of events takes place? 3) Is there an increased blood flow? 4) Why cannot swelling occur? 5) What causes intense pain? 6) What is another result of the pressure? 7) What causes death of the pulp? 8) Why does the severe toothache stop abruptly? 9) What does pulp death lead to? 10) Is pulpitis acute or chronic? 11) Does it always end in pulp death?
Exercise 7.9. Learn the active vocabulary for text С :
stomatitis – стоматит
jagged teeth – заостренные зубы
irritate – раздражать
plugged – закупоренный
dryness – сухость
mouthwashe – жидкость для полоскания рта
oral lesion – поражение слизистой рта
scraping – соскоб
determine – определять
cause – причина
Exercise 7.10. Read text С and translate it into Russian:
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