Text C. Dental Education Abroad
The goal of all dental school programs in the USA and Canada is to produce graduates who are competently educated in the basic biological and clinical sciences, and capable of providing quality dental care to the population. The traditional dental school program requires four academic years of study.
Years One and Two. Students generally spend the major part of the first two years studying the structure and function of the human body and its diseases. Students also receive instruction in basic sciences such as Human Anatomy, Physiology, Biochemistry, Microbiology and Pharmacology, and dental oriented biological sciences such as Oral Anatomy, Oral Pathology, and Oral Histology. They also learn the basic principles of oral diagnosis and treatment and begin to master dental treatment procedures through practice on models of the mouth and teeth. In many programs, students begin to interact with patients and provide basic oral health care.
Years Three and Four. The focus of the final two years of a dental school generally concentrates on clinical studies. Clinical training is designed to apply basic principles and techniques involved in oral diagnosis, treatment planning, restorative dentistry, periodontics, oral surgery, orthodontics, pediatric dentistry, prosthodontics and endodontics through direct patient care.
The D.M.D. (Doctor of Dental Medicine) and the D.D.S. (Doctor of Dental Surgery) are equivalent degrees that are awarded to the graduates of these dental programs.
Basic dental training in the United Kingdom consists of a full-time course leading to a Bachelor’s degree. The degree course lasts five years and includes an academic programme supported by clinical dental practice. Graduates from UK dental schools must do a further year of vocational training (hands-on contact with patients), after registering with the General Dental Council (GDC), before they can practise in the UK.
Exercise 1.17. Translate into Russian the following words and word combinations:
Basic dental training; apply basic principles and techniques; learn the basic principles of oral diagnosis and treatment; spend the major part of the first two years studying the biological sciences; receive instruction in; involved in oral diagnosis and treatment planning; begin to master dental treatment procedures; the degree course lasts five years; begin to interact with patients; provide basic oral healthcare.
Exercise 1.18. Answer the questions:
1) How long does the traditional dental school program require in the USA (Canada) and the UK? 2) What do students study in the first two years of a dental school in the USA and Canada? 3) What do students study in the final two years of a dental school in the USA and Canada? 4) What degrees are awarded to the graduates of the dental school programs in the USA (Canada) and the UK?
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Exercise 1.19. Revise the texts “The Volgograd State Medical University”, “Dentistry Faculty of the Volgograd State Medical University” and “Dental Education Abroad” and get ready to speak on one of the following topics making up a plan for it first:
1) My University.
2) Dental Education in Russia.
3) Dental Education Abroad (the USA or Canada or the UK).
ADDITIONAL READING
Exercise 1.20. Read text D and translate it into Russian. Learn the new words and word combinations:
- to meet the requirements – соответствовать требованиям
- manual dexterity – сноровка, ловкость в работе руками
- practical experience – практический опыт
- to vary to a great extend – сильно отличаться
- to teach technique on phantom heads – обучать технологии на фантомах
- assessment of knowledge – оценка знаний
- compulsory training scheme – обязательная учебная программа
- to receive full registration – получить аккредитацию
- general dental practitioners – стоматологи общего профиля
Text D. A Dental Course in Great Britain
In the United Kingdom, there is a five-year course of undergraduate study before obtaining a B.D.S. degree. After graduating most dentists will enter a V.T. (vocational training) scheme, of either 1 or 2 years’ length, to receive their full registration. In the UK a dentist must register with the G.D.C. (General Dental Council), and meet their requirements as the governing body of the profession, before being allowed to practice.
The one who wants to be a dentist has to take a course which leads to the degree of Bachelor of Dental Surgery (BDS). The first step is to pass examinations for the General Certificate of Education at ordinary and advanced levels.
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To enter a dental school an applicant must have high grades in Chemistry, Physics, Biology, special skills (for example, manual dexterity), some practical experience (at least one week of assisting for a dental hospital or a laboratory).
The curricula in all dental schools are quite similar, but the internal structure can vary to a great extent. Still, the general trend is the integration of clinical elements with basic medical sciences in the early terms of the course. In some dental schools students make their first contacts with patients during the first weeks of the first year.
In the pre-clinical years dental students get knowledge in basic sciences, such as Anatomy, Molecular Biology, Biochemistry and Physiology. Special attention is paid to the dental area and its role in the organism. In the second year the course in Oral Biology is integrated with the study of Oral Pathology. Students can start serious clinical studies in dentistry only after passing examinations in Anatomy, Biochemistry and Physiology.
At the clinical stage the teaching of General Pathology and Surgery is combined with courses on General Human Diseases and Pharmacology. Orthodontics, Prosthetics, Children’s Dentistry and Conservative Dentistry are studied beginning with the third year. In this way, students are introduced to the principles of dental practice and get ready for practical training at dental hospitals and clinics. Before starting to work with patients, students are taught technique on phantom heads. During the last three years future dentists work in different departments of dental hospitals and also get basic instruction in the associated clinical and scientific disciplines.
Assessment of knowledge at the end of each year includes written, clinical and oral examinations. In recent years, the Department of Health has introduced a compulsory postgraduate vocational training scheme. After graduating most dentists will enter a vocational training scheme, of either 1 or 2 years’ length, to receive their full registration. In this scheme new graduates spend time in approved general dental practices, trained by selected General Dental Practitioners (GDPs). In the UK a dentist must register with the G.D.C. (General Dental Council), and meet their requirements as the governing body of the profession, before being allowed to practice.
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Exercise 1.21. Answer the following questions:
1) How long does the course last? 2) How can one receive the full registration? 3) What are the requirements for admission to a dental school? 4) Which is the general trend of the teaching process? 5) What do students study in the pre-clinical years? 6) What studies are included in the clinical curriculum? 7) How are the graduate’s knowledge and experience evaluated?
Exercise 1.22. Give explanations in English or paraphrase word combinations:
to obtain a degree; to be allowed to practice; to get instruction in associated disciplines; dental area; compulsory training; approved dental practices; governing body.
Exercise 1.23. Read Text E and find the meaning of the words and word combinations in the dictionary and learn them:
- to apply for admission,
- average age,
- to be mandatory,
- freshman, sophomore,
- behavioral sciences,
- to place the emphasis,
- occlusion,
- preventive dentistry,
- to be involved in,
- maxillofacial surgery
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