Системы образования в Англии, Америке. Их отличие от Российской системы.

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Невзорова ГД., Никитушкина Г.И. Учебник английского языка для вузов. СПб. Издательство «Северная Звезда».

Рецензенты:

Доктор гуманитарных наук Джон Слейд (США), писатель

Проф. Томас Крамер (США), эксперт в области инженерных наук

Проф. Ричард Эллмерс (США), эксперт в области права

В подготовке учебника к изданию принимали участие:

С.И. Лисовская - подбор грамматических упражнений

Н.А. Курочкина - составление речевых упражнений

Настоящий учебник предназначен для студентов неязыковых вузов, изучающих английский язык на базе знаний, полученных в средней школе в соответствии с требованиями стандартной программы.

Цель учебника - подготовить студента к самостоятельному чтению и пониманию оригинальной научной литературы такого содержания, которое отвечало бы современному уровню научно-технического прогресса в условиях информационной глобализации общества. Большое внимание уделяется также овладению учащимися навыков устной речи, включая перевод с русского языка

Под общей редакцией А.К. Гречухина

Консультант - Г.Н. Попов

Г.Д.Невзорова

Г.И.Никитушкина

УЧЕБНИК

АНГЛИЙСКОГО

ЯЗЫКА

Разрешено Северо-западным научно-методическим советом по преподаванию иностранных языков в качестве основного учебного пособия для студентов высших учебных заведений

Санкт Петербург

Предисловие

Настоящий учебник предназначен для студентов высших учебных заведений нефилологического профиля, изучающих английский язык на базе знаний, полученных в средней школе в соответствии с требованиями стандартной программы. Необходимость такого учебника ощущается вузами уже много лет.

Новизна данного учебника состоит в том, что в нем учтены возможности комплексного методического подхода к изучению материала. Оригинальные тексты, из которых в основном и состоит учебный материал, снабжены таким количеством параллельного вокабуляра, которое полностью снимает лексические трудности и упрощает процесс адекватного понимания исходного текста. Характер и количество лексических упражнений, следующих непосредственно за текстом, способствует ее быстрому усвоению и активизации.

Сочетание характера подачи текста с типами лексических и речевых упражнений позволяет использовать данный учебник как на занятиях с применением интенсивной методики, так и в традиционном режиме, а также для самостоятельной работы учащихся, желающих повысить свой уровень владения языком.

Наличие в каждом уроке текстов с параллельным переводом позволяет проводить как контроль, так и самоконтроль усвоения материала.

Учебник состоит из восьми уроков, объединенных единым тематическим материалом:

1. Системы образования и образовательные учреждения в Англии и США.

2. Содержание образования в разных странах

3. Студенческая жизнь. Контакты, развлечения, организации.

4. Понятие «Engineering» и его составляющие

5. Глобальная коммуникация и интернет технологии

6. Карьера. Выдающиеся личности современности

7. Экология человека в естественной и кибер-интеллектуальной среде

8. Права личности

Материал каждого урока организован по единой схеме и подобран таким образом, чтобы его усвоение шло от более простого к более сложному. Эта схема может быть представлена следующим образом:

4 тематических текста первого уровня сложности (IA, IB, IC, ID) со следующими за ними лексическими упражнениями непосредственно по текстам

4 тематических текста второй степени сложности(IIA, IIB, IIC, IID) со следующими за ними лексическими упражнениями непосредственно по текстам

грамматические упражнения по теме урока

речевые упражнения

упражнения на тренировку перевода с русского языка на английский, включая текст с параллельным переводом

тексты для дополнительного чтения по данной тематике

цитаты и высказывания знаменитых людей по теме урока

В конце учебника дается несколько приложений, включая справочный материал по крупнейшим языкам мира, список основных сокращений, используемых в деловой корреспонденции, глоссарий по академической терминологии, включая ученые степени и оценки, названия штатов в США и их столицы, таблицу неправильных глаголов.

Учебник рассчитан на 160- 200 часов аудиторной работы, что примерно соответствует сетке учебного плана по иностранному языку в неязыковом вузе.

Авторы выражают искреннюю благодарность за помощь в подборе оригинальных текстов и за лингвострановедческий комментарий профессорам Балтийского государственного технического университета "Военмех", гражданам США госп.Томасу Кремеру, эксперту в области инженерных наук и госп.Ричарду Эллмерсу , эксперту в области права.

Огромную благодарность и признательность адресуем также известному американскому писателю, автору нескольких книг о С.Петербурге, доктору гуманитарных наук профессору Джону Слейду, приславшему свои комментарии и высоко оценившему материал, используемый в учебнике.

Unit One

Системы образования в Англии, Америке. Их отличие от Российской системы.

Грамматика: Порядок слов, Времена Indefinite & Continuous (Active & Passive). Некоторые сочетания глаголов широкой семантики: have, be типа: have breakfast, have dinner – have a talk, have a smoke…артикль

Introductory Text.

Education

Every society has its own specific attitude toward past, present and future, and it is clearly reflected in the way the society prepares its young generation for adulthood.

In stagnant societies, the past creeps forward into the present and repeats itself in the future. In such a society, the most effective way to prepare a child was to transfer him the skills of the past, as a set of values he would need in the future.

Knowledge was transmitted not by specialists concentrated in schools but through the family, religious institutions, and apprenticeships.

The next age, the industrialism required a new kind of man. It demanded skills that neither family nor church could, by themselves, provide. That age constructed its own educational machine or the system of mass education – the system that, in its very structure, simulated this new world. This system did not appear instantly. Even today it has throwback elements from pre-industrial society. But the whole idea of assembling masses of students (like raw material) to be processed by teachers (workers) in a centrally located school (factory) was a work of industrial genius.

The inner life of school thus became a perfect introduction to industrial society. The most criticised features of education today—lack of individualisation, the rigid systems of seating, grouping, grading and marking, the authoritarian role of the teacher are exactly those that made mass public education so effective for its place and time.

Young people passing through this educational machine entered an adult society whose structure of jobs, roles and institutions was the same as the school itself. For generations, we have simply assumed that the proper place for education is in a school.

However, if the new education is to simulate the society of tomorrow, should it take place in school at all? Many parents are much more capable of teaching certain subjects to their children than the teachers in the local schools.

With the move toward knowledge-based industry and the increase of leisure, we can expect a tendency for highly educated parents to pull their children at least partway out of the public education system, offering them home instruction instead.

This tendency will be strongly supported by achievement in computer-assisted education, electronic video recording, holography and other technical fields.

Discussion is often centred on the design of secondary and higher education programs that use "mentors"(instructors) drawn from various professional spheres. Such mentors would not only transmit skills, but would show how the information of textbooks is applied in life. Accountants, doctors, engineers, businessmen, builders and planners might all become part of an "outside faculty" in another dialectical swing, this time toward a new kind of apprenticeship.

Vocabulary :

attitude - отношение;

toward - к, по отношению к;

to reflect - отражать;

generation - поколение;

adulthood - взрослая жизнь;

stagnant - застойный;

to creep - ползти, красться, еле передвигаться;

forward - вперед;

to repeat oneself - повторяться;

to transfer - прививать, передавать;

skills - навыки, умения;

set of values - набор ценностей;

to transmit - передавать (в данном случае, знания);

through - через, посредством;

apprenticeship - ученичество;

to demand - требовать;

to provide - обеспечивать, предоставлять;

to simulate - походить, быть похожим (на что-то);

to appear - появляться;

instantly - мгновенно;

throwback - регресс, возврат к прошлому, атавизм;

to assemble - собирать;

raw - сырье, сырьевой;

to process - обрабатывать;

thus - таким образом;

feature - черта;

lack (of) - отсутствие, нехватка;

rigid - жесткий, строгий, непреклонный;

to grade - здесь: разбивать на классы;

to mark - оценивать, ставить отметки;

to enter - поступать(в вуз), входить(в помещение);

to assume - полагать, считать;

proper - соответственный, подходящий;

capable - способный;

increase - увеличение;

leisure - свободное время, досуг;

to pull out - вытаскивать, забирать;

partway - частично;

instead - взамен (чего-то);

to support - поддерживать (в том числе в финансовом отношении);

achievement - достижение;

mentor - наставник;

adult - взрослый;

to apply - применять;

accountant - бухгалтер;

outside - вне, за стенами; здесь: вне школы/вуза;

faculty - профессорско-преподавательский состав;

swing -взмах, сдвиг, изменение.

Comprehension check: answer the following questions.

1. How was knowledge transmitted in the past?

2. How does the system of mass education operate?

3. What are the most criticized features of education today?

4. Will teaching process take place only in schools in future?

5. What is discussion often centered on?

Word Study

Ex.1 Find equivalents to the following words.

программы среднего и высшего образования; домашнее образование; готовить к

взрослой жизни; преподаватели за стенами вуза; семья не может предоставить

это; передавать знания; появляться мгновенно; образовательная машина;

особое отношение к прошлому; промышленный гений; строгая/жесткая система;

подобно сырью; застойное общество; юное поколение; увеличение свободного

времени; промышленное общество; наукоемкое производство; техническая сфера;

религиозные учреждения; наиболее критикуемые черты; применяемы в жизни.

Ex.2 Translate the following phrases from the text and use them in the translation below.

specific attitude toward the past; to repeat itself; introduction to

adulthood; to demand; inner life; mentor; rigid system; grading; marking;

transmitted; specialists concentrated in schools; set of values; the most

criticized features; to assume; young generation; proper place; discussion

is often centered on; educational machine; to transfer them knowledge and

skills; professional sphere; design of secondary and higher education

programs; is applied in life; home instruction; instead; to enter an adult

society; with the increase of leisure; to move toward knowledge-based

industry; to pass through; is often criticized.

1. Это может повториться в будущем.

2. Почему у вас особое отношение к прошлому?

3. Внутренняя жизнь школы стала своего рода (some kind of) введением во взрослую жизнь.

4. Жесткая система разбиения на классы и оценивания (знаний) часто критикуется.

5. Знания передаются специалистами, сконцентрированными в школах.

6. Наиболее эффективный способ подготовить ребенка к взрослой жизни - это привить ему знания и умения прошлого, ибо они являются набором ценностей, передаваемых от одного поколения к другому.

7. Каковы наиболее критикуемые черты современного образования?

8. Каким образом общество готовит юное поколение к взрослой жизни?

9. Следующий век, век индустриализации, потребовал человека нового типа.

10. Поколениями мы полагали, что соответствующее место для (получения) образования – это школа.

11. С увеличением свободного времени можно ожидать иную тенденцию.

12. В центре дискуссий - создание программ среднего и высшего образования, которые используются наставниками из различных профессиональных сфер.

13. Их ребенок получает домашнее образование.

14. Мы движемся к наукоемкому обществу.

15. Юное поколение, проходя через эту образовательную машину, входило во взрослое общество.

Topics to discuss.

1. Mass education and individual education.

2. Professionals in different spheres of life as "outside faculty" - is it a good idea, in your opinion

Text I-A

Education in Great Britain

Education in Great Britain, as in most of the developed countries, is compulsory from 5 to 16. About 25%-30% stay on at school beyond this age and about 15% are in full-time education at the age of 20; 10% go to university. About 80% of children in the public sector go to comprehensive schools. A few Local Education Authorities still retain separation of students into grammar school and secondary-modern school pupils according to their level. Preparatory schools are supposed to 'prepare' children for education at a public school. Public schools were originally founded by public benefactors to educate poor children. In the 19th century, most of them were transformed into foundations which are privately run. They are non-profit, but parents pay fees for their children's education. Colleges of education or teacher-training colleges train teachers. Technical colleges and polytechnics offer courses in practical and scientific subjects. Polytechnics award degrees. University and Polytechnic degree courses last three or four years; the degrees are BA (Bachelor of Arts) or BSc (Bachelor of Science). Postgraduate courses exist for the degrees of MA (Master of Arts), MSc (Master of Science) and PhD (Doctor of Philosophy).

Age	Public Sector (State education)	Private Sector (Independent schools)
3- 5 5-11 11-18 18+	Primary school Comprehensive school Grammar school Secondary-modern school	Play school, kindergarten Preparatory school Public school Other authorised independent schools
	University, College of Further Education, Technical college, Polytechnic

Vocabulary:

compulsory - обязательный;

beyond - свыше;

full-time education - дневная форма образования

comprehensive school - школа для уч-хся всех классов и способностей (с 11 лет);

authorities - власти, органы, руководство;

to retain - сохранять;

secondary-modern school - (с 11 лет) - школа, где готовят к дальнейшему

образованию (в частности, университетскому);

preparatory school - частная школа (до 14 лет), где готовят к дальнейшему образованию;

according to - согласно (чему-то), в соответствии (с чем-то

level - уровень;

public school - государственная школа (с 11 лет);

originally - первоначально, исходно, сначала;

to found - основывать;

benefactor - благодетель, жертвователь;

to transform - преобразовать, изменить;

privately - частным образом, в частном порядке;

non-profit – некоммерческий

fee - плата за обучение;

to train - обучать, готовить;

to award - вручать, присуждать;

degree - научная степень;

to last - продолжаться, длиться;

Bachelor - бакалавр;

post-graduate course - аспирантура;

Master - магистр.

Comprehension check: answer the following questions:

1. In what age education in Great Britain is compulsory?

2. What types of school are there in Great Britain?

3. Which of them are run privately?

4. What education institutions award degrees?

5. How long does the college course last?

6. What scientific degree do you know?

Word Study

Ex.1 Translate the following phrases into English.

образование является обязательным; присуждать научные степени; продолжаться

3-4 года; вносить плату за образование; изначально основанный; дневная форма образования; учиться в аспирантуре; давать образование; государственная школа; сохранять разделение (учащихся) в соответствии с уровнем знаний; местные органы народного образования; учреждения, руководимые частным образом.

Ex.2 Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Образование в Великобритании является обязательным в возрасте от 5 до16 лет.

2. Некоторые местные органы народного образования сохраняют разделение учащихся в соответствии с уровнем их знаний.

3. В ХIХ веке большинство подготовительных школ были преобразованы в учреждения, руководимые частным образом.

4. Педагогические колледжи готовят учителей.

5. Технические колледжи предлагают курсы как в практической, так и в научной областях.

6. По окончании колледжа студентам присваиваются ученые степени.

7. Курс обучения в колледже длится 3-4 года.

8. Они учатся на дневном отделении университета.

Text I-B

The three passages that follow refer to one person's education in England. Make sure that you understand the meaning of all the words and phrases in different type. Answer the questions in each case, but at all times compare this account with your own experience.

Part one

Primary school

When I first went to school at the age of three, kindergartens were not play-schools. I played in the playground, but before I got to primary school I had learned to read and write. At the primary school, there were 42 children in the class; nowadays, the average is 25. We had regular tests, with marks, and discipline was strict. The teacher had a cane, which he used if anyone talked or did not pay attention. We did not wear uniforms, like the children at preparatory schools, except for a cap, which had the school badge on it. The school's main aim was to prepare children for the 11-plus exam. In the days before comprehensive schools were introduced, all the children in the country took this, and according to the results, were sent to different types of secondary school. I went to what was called a direct-grant school; this was a public school that accepted over 80% of its intake from state primary schools; the Local Educational Authority paid the fees, instead of the parents.

Vocabulary:

primary - начальный;

nowadays - в наше время, в наши дни;

average - средний;

strict - строгий;

cane - палка, трость;

attention - внимание;

uniform - форма;

except (for) - за исключением, кроме( чего-то, кого-то);

cap - фуражка, кепка;

badge - значок, эмблема;

aim - цель;

to introduce - здесь: открывать;

secondary - средний (об образовании);

to accept - принимать;

intake - прием;

fee - плата за обучение.

Comprehension check: answer the following questions:

1. Did you go to a kindergarten or play-school ? What did you do there?

2. How many children were there in your class at primary school?

3. Did you have a lot of tests and exams? Were you given marks regularly for your work?

4. Did you wear a uniform?

5. Was there corporal punishment of any kind?

6. Do you think the system at that time was a fair one? Do you think children should be separated at the age of 11 according to an estimation of their ability based on one examination?

7. The primary school was co-educational, with boys and girls, but not in the same classes! The direct-grant school only accepted boys. What advantages or disadvantages do you see in co-educational schools?

Part two

Public School

Life at public school was quite different. We had uniforms, and if we did not wear our caps, we were put in detention or given extra work or some other form of punishment. Instead of hours of arithmetic and reading and writing, we had 45-minute periods of various subjects. We went to school six days a week, and there were compulsory games on Wednesdays and Saturdays, always the same two games, rugby and cricket. We had an hour's homework every night, and sometimes it took longer because we had to learn speeches from Shakespeare by heart. But the hours were short. I cycled the five kilometres to school and was usually home by 4.15. In one respect, this school was like a primary school in those days; it was very competitive, though at public school those who got the best marks got prizes. All of us were expected to specialise at an early age in order to concentrate on the subjects that we would need for university entrance. As a result I can count almost as fast as a pocket calculator - I learnt that at primary school - but I know nothing of algebra or geometry or physics or chemistry.

When I was about 17,1 began to like the school. It had beautiful grounds and magnificent playing fields, and suddenly the principal and the teachers began to treat us like grown-up people. We had to arrive on time so as not to be marked absent in the attendance register, but otherwise we were free to pursue our studies more or less as we liked. There were no more compulsory games, but plenty of opportunities to take part in other sports we preferred. The only thing we were expected to do in return was to win a scholarship to a university so that the school could put our names on a big “honours board” in gold letters!

Vocabulary:

public school - государственная школа;

to wear (wore, worn) - носить (об одежде);

detention - оставление после уроков (в виде наказания);

extra - дополнительный;

punishment - наказание;

instead (of) - вместо( кого-то, чего-то);

various - различный, разнообразный;

compulsory - обязательный;

night - здесь: вечер;

to learn by heart - учить наизусть;

in one respect - в одном отношении/смысле;

in order - (для того) чтобы;

to concentrate (on) - уделять основное внимание;

entrance - здесь: поступление (в вуз);

pocket - карман;

competitive - состязательный, соревновательный;

principal - директор школы;

to treat - относиться, обращаться (с);

grown-up - взрослый;

attendance - посещаемость;

attendance register - классный журнал (где отмечается посещаемость);

otherwise - иначе;

to pursue - здесь: заниматься;

plenty - много, множество;

opportunity - возможность;

to prefer - предпочитать;

in return - в ответ;

to win a scholarship - выиграть/завоевать стипендию;

hono(u)r - честь, почет;

board - доска.

Comprehension check: answer the following questions:

1. Did you/do you go to school six days a week ? Were/arc games compulsory ?

2. How was/is the curriculum organised? How many periods did/do you have of

different subjects?

3. Is it common for children to have to learn things by heart in your country? What sorts of things?

4. Is there a lot of specialisation in secondary schools? Do you think this is a good thing?

5. Why do you think there is a difference in meaning between a playground and playing fields ? What are grounds in this context?

6. What do you think an 'honours board' was, and why was it important to the school? Why do you think they used 'gold letters'?

7. What sort of sports facilities do you think a school should have? Should games be compulsory? If so, what choice of games should be offered to students?

Part three

University

Students from other countries that I met at university often took a long time to get used to the system. The university terms lasted only six months and you were free to do what you liked in the vacations. Attendance at lectures was optional, and the only compulsory assignment was to write an essay once a week and submit it to your tutor. The idea was that you were not supposed to be there to obtain an academic qualification, but to extend your knowledge of this or that subject in your own way. It was all there in the libraries and laboratories and lecture halls if you looked for it. A poor American student who had attended all the tutor's lectures once reproduced them almost word for word in his essay, and the tutor said: 'I know what I think. What do you think?' The life of an undergraduate was relaxing and enjoyable, but you had to work things out for yourself.

Note: In British universities, there is normally only one Professor for a given subject; other university teachers are called lecturers. They are also tutors when they give individual students classes in small numbers.

Vocabulary:

to get used (to) - привыкнуть (к);

term - семестр;

to last - продолжаться, длиться;

attendance - посещаемость;

optional - факультативный; необязательный;

compulsory - обязательный;

assignment - задание;

to submit (to) - предоставлять (куда, кому);

tutor - куратор;

to obtain - получать;

to extend - расширять;

to attend - посещать;

to reproduce - воспроизвести;

word for word - дословно;

undergraduate - студент последнего курса

to relax - отдыхать, расслабляться;

to work out - решать; разрабатывать.

Comprehension check: answer the following questions:

1. Is this system similar to that of university inRuaaia? If not, what are the differences?

2. Why do you think people go to university? Do you think they go for the right reasons?

3. What did the American student's tutor expect him to do? How do you suppose this differed from the system he was used to ?

Word Study to text B

Ex.: Find in the text equivalents to the following phrases.

носить фуражки с эмблемой школы; написать золотыми буквами; много возможностей; совсем другой; в одном отношении; доска почета; выиграть стипендию; в результате; оставлять после уроков; давать дополнительные домашние задания; относиться к нам как к взрослым; в раннем возрасте; формы наказания; обязательные игры; учить наизусть; для поступления в университет.

Ex.2: Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Жизнь там была совсем другой.

2. Если мы не носили фуражки, нас оставляли в школе, давали дополнительную работу или какое-нибудь другое наказание.

3. Мы ходили в школу 6 дней в неделю.

4. По четвергам у нас были обязательные игры - регби и крикет.

5. Нам приходилось учить много стихов наизусть.

6. В результате, я мог считать почти так же быстро, как и карманный калькулятор - я научился этому в начальной школе.

7. Директор и учителя относились к нам как к взрослым.

8. Мы должны были приходить во время.

9. У нас было много возможностей принимать участие в тех видах спорта, которые мы предпочитали.

10. Единственное, чего от нас ожидали в ответ - это выиграть стипендию для университета, чтобы школа могла золотыми буквами внести наши имена на доску почета.

Ex.3: Translate the following phrases into English.

много времени требуется, чтобы привыкнуть к системе; раз в неделю; посещать

лекции; воспроизвести лекцию дословно; необязательная посещаемость; приятный;

семестр длится 6 месяцев; факультативный курс; написать эссе; почти; лекционный зал.

Ex.4: Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Студенты из других стран долго привыкали к этой системе.

2. Семестр длился 6 месяцев, а во время каникул ты мог делать все, что угодно.

3. Посещение лекций было необязательным.

4. Единственным обязательным заданием было написать эссе раз в неделю и предоставить его куратору.

5. Главной задачей было не получение академической квалификации, а расширение знаний.

6. Один студент посещал все лекции профессора и почти дословно воспроизвел их в своем эссе, но не сумел сделать свои собственные выводы (to make one's own conclusions).

Text I-C

English examination system

Students in Great Britain can take public examinations known as General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) and Advanced ('A') level. Those who want to go to university usually take from 5—7 subjects for GCSE at 16, and three subjects at 'A' level when they are 18. In order to enter a university or polytechnic in Britain, you are expected to have two or three 'A' levels with good marks. The only subject that is compulsory for university entrance is English at GCSE, but Mathematics is often required.

Look at the chart below, which shows the ten most popular subjects with boys and girls in Britain at GCSE and 'A' level. Then answer the questions that follow.

GCSE		'A' level
Boys	Girls	Boys	Girls
English	English	Mathematics	English
Mathematics	Mathematics	Physics	Biology
Physics	Biology	Chemistry	History
Geography	English Literature	Economics	Mathematics
English Literature	French	General Studies	General Studies
Chemistry	Geography	Geography	French
Biology	Art and Design	English	Chemistry
History	History	Biology	Economics
French	Chemistry	History	Art
Art and Design	Physics	Art	Geography

Comprehension check: answer the following questions:

1. Which of these subjects would you call, 'science subjects' and which would you call 'arts subjects'?

2. Do you notice any preferences among boys and girls for one or the other?

3. What other subjects would you expect to find in the school curriculum (e.g. other modern languages, ancient languages, religious or civic studies, other arts subjects)?

4. Which three subjects would you take at 'A' level if you wanted to be the following? А) doctor; B) an economist; C) an interpreter; D) a journalist; E) an engineer; F) "an actor; G) a priest; H) a naturalist/ a painter /'a businessman? (Note that they would not necessarily be among the most popular subjects listed here).

5. Which subjects did you or do you enjoy most at school? Why? Is it because you were or are good at them, or for other reasons?

Word Study

Ex.!: Complete the sentences, using the correct word or phrase from those you have seen above. To help you, the first letter of each word is given.

1. He wants to be a doctor so he is doing three sciences at GCSE, b_____, с_____, and p_____.

2. When he has got his d_____ at university, he wants to do a postgraduate с_____ in Germany.

3. I'll give you back your e_____ papers when I've made a note of the m_____s you obtained. It was a difficult t_____, so you did quite well.

4. The little children at the k_____ were playing games in the p_

5. He went to a school where the children wore blue and yellow u_____, and the boys had gold b_____s on their с_____.

6. If you don't pay a_____ to what I'm saying, I'll put you in d_____ and you'll have to do some e_____ work.

7. Where were you in first p_____ this morning? I've marked you as a_____ in the r_____.

8. I enjoyed his 1_____ at the Shakespeare Conference in Stratford.

9. He's one of the best 1_____s at the university. I expect he'll become the p_____one day.

10. He wanted his son to study at university but he couldn't afford to pay the f_____s so he was delighted when the boy won a s_____, which covered the cost.

11. Terminology is different at university from what we said at school. At school we said 'holidays', but here they say 'v_____s'; the t_____ here is like the form teacher at school; there they told us to write compositions, here they ask us to write e_____s; and there they talked about homework, but here it's an a_____.

Ex.2: Using a dictionary, decide which of the words in the box can go in which sections of the chart. You can put one word in more than one column.

kindergarten high school college classroom playgroup nursery school comprehensive public school sixth form polytechnic pupil reception class evening classes university master deputy-head preparatory school tutor teacher lecturer professor head teacher headmaster headmistress student post-graduate lecture theatre technical college graduate doctorate playground

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PRE-SCHOOL EDUCATION (0 - 5)

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PRIMARY EDUCATION (5 - 11)

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SECONDARY EDUCATION (11 - 16+)

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FURTHER EDUCAON

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

HIGHER EDUCATION

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ADULT EDUCATION

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Ex.3: Discuss, which of these words and phrases have similar meaning, or are used in similar situations. Find one word in each list, which seems to be the odd one out and which is not connected with education or training.

Model: award, grant, loan, prize, reward, scholarship, trophy.

(AWARD - GRANT - SCHOLARSHIP; GRANT - LOAN; TROPHY - PRIZE - AWARD; a word "reward" isn't connected with education).

1. certificate, degree, diploma, doctorate, license, recommendation, reference;

2. article, assignment, composition, dissertation, essay, paper, report, thesis;

3. law school, medical school, private school, public school, state school, Sunday school.

Text I-D.

School in the USA.

In the United States, the word "school" describes any place where people learn.

I You can call a college a "school". You can even call a university a "school". You can use the word "school" for any English language institute, graduate program, or secondary ("high") school.

College or university follows after high school, or secondary school. A college in the U.S.A. is not a high school or secondary school. College and university programs begin in the thirteenth year of school, when a student is 17 or 18 years old or older. A two-year "junior" college offers an Associate Degree. A four-year college or university offers a Bachelor's Degree. Programs that offer these degrees are called "undergraduate" schools"

A "university" is a group of schools for studies after secondary school. At least one of these schools is a college where students receive a Bachelor's Degree. The other schools in a university are "graduate" (also known as "postgraduate") schools where students receive advanced degrees. Therefore, a university offers both the Bachelor's Degree and graduate degrees such as the Master's (M. A.) and Ph.D.(doctorate) A university usually offers graduate programs both in professional fields such as engineering and in academic subjects such as English literature.

You can earn a Bachelor's Degree at either a college or a university. However, students in the USA prefer to use the word "college" rather than the word "university" when they talk about the four-year undergraduate program and the Bachelor's Degree. They say “going to college" and "a college degree" when they talk about undergraduate programs at either a college or a university.

Most "colleges" are separate schools. They are not located in a university. Some colleges are part of a university and are located on the university campus. (The "campus" is the school buildings and surrounding area.) A few colleges offer graduate programs in selected subjects. Usually, however, it is universities that offer graduate programs. So, Americans use the word “university" and not "college" when they talk about graduate study.

Vocabulary:

to describe - описывать;

high school - старшие классы школы

to follow - следовать (за);

junior - младший;

degree - научная степень;

undergraduate - студент последнего курса;

secondary - средний (о школе, образовании);

to receive - получать;

post-graduate course - аспирантура;

advanced - продвинутый, повышенного типа;

therefore - следовательно;

to earn - зарабатывать;

either... or... - либо... либо..;

to prefer - предпочитать;

separate - отдельный, раздельный;

to be located - размещаться, находиться;

surrounding – окружающий

to select - отбирать, выбирать.

Comprehension check: answer the following questions.

1. What does the word "school" mean in the USA?

2. What follows after secondary (high) school?

3. At what age do American students enter colleges/universities?

4. What degree does a two-year "junior" college offer?

5. What degrees do four-year colleges provide?

6. What is a University?

Word Study

Ex.1: Translate the following phrases into English.

следовательно; средняя школа; старшие классы школы; степень бакалавра;

аспирантура; учебные предметы; профессиональная сфера; получить ученую

степень; студент последнего курса; предлагать; окружающая территория.

TEXT II-A

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