Historical Personalities and outstanding Prime ministers
Russia’s relations with Great Britain have always been marked by chronic tension but. the bombing of British cities by the Nazi planes and the German threat to British colonies in 1941 promoted the Military Alliance between Britain, the Soviet Union, and later the United States. Winston Churchill (1874-1965) as prime minister of that period together with the Soviet Union and the USA leaders rallied the British people during WW11, and led his country from defeat to victory.
Unfortunately after the war the relations between Britain and the Soviet Union chilled again. Only a year after the Second World War in 1946 Winston Churchill delivered his Iron Curtain Speech at Westminster College in the United States, , in which he called for special relationship between the United States and the British Commonwealth against the Soviet Union. This speech was considered to be the beginning of the Cold War between the USSR and the West, The formation of two military alliances, NATO (1949) and the Warsaw Pact (1855) strengthened the Cold War, which lasted until 1989.
Among the personalities of postwar period we must remember, of course, the first female Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher who became Britain’s Conservative Party leader in1979. During her three terms, she cut social welfare programs, reduced trade union power, privatized certain industries and got the nickname “the Iron Lady”.
The years after Margaret Thatcher are characterized by the victory of the Labour Party represented by Tony Blair and David Cameron, who in their foreign policy believed in a “special relationship” with the USA. This relationship is based upon a shared language, strong Anglo -- Saxon culture, and particularly strong private relationships between Prime Minister Churchill and Roosevelt during the war and between M. Thatcher and Reagan in the 1980s. Special relations of Tony Blair and Bush led to the war in Iraq after the attack on the World Trade Center in New York in 2001) and later to Blair’s resignation.
Britain has encouraged the development of a strong arms industry to supply the armed forces, and became the second largest arms trader internationally. Britain still spends proportionally more on defense than other NATO members.
Since 1972 the UK has got very close relationships with the European Union and its headquarters in Brussels. The country joined the European Economic Community (EEC or “Common Market”) in 1975.But last summer a very interesting phenomenon took place. During his last electoral campaign David Cameron promised the people of the UK that in case of his victory he would launch a referendum whether to stay in the EU or leave it. The United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, also known as the EU referendum and referendum took place on Thursday 23 June 2016 . Absolutely surprisingly for David Cameron and the European Union the referendum resulted in an overall vote to leave the EU, by 51.9% to 46.6%, on a national turnout of 72% making it the highest ever for a UK-wide referendum and also the highest turnout for any national vote since the 1992 UK General Election Scotland backed Remain by 62% to 38%, while 55.8% in Northern Ireland voted Remain and 44.2% Leave. New words appeared Brexin or Brexit? What does Brexit mean? It is a word that has become used as a shorthand way of saying the UK leaving the EU - merging the words Britain and exit to get Brexit, in a same way as Brexin means EU membership in it. .
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What happened after the referendum? David Cameron resigned after losing the referendum and Britain got a new Prime Minister - Theresa May who was the former home secretary. Like D. Cameron, Teresa May was against Britain leaving the EU but she said she would respect the will of the people.
Nothing would happen immediately. Firstly, following a vote to leave the EU, the UK Parliament would have to endorse the referendum and prepare legislation to affect the divorce. Commentators suggested that it would take at least two years, perhaps longer, for everything to be put in place. This transitional period would be spent negotiating a withdrawal agreement and the basis of the new relationships with the remaining EU countries.
Answer the questions:
1. Which political parties in the UK do you know?
2. How do elections take place?
3. How many Chambers (Houses) are there in the British Parliament? What is the difference between them?
4. Who is the head of the Government?
5. What is a cabinet?
6. Call any great political figures in the UK who you remember.
7. What is Brexit?
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Translate from Russian into English:
Британский парламент состоит из двух палат
Проводить выборы
Выигрывать выборы
Образовывать правительство
Свод законов
Наследовать, наследники
Не иметь реально власти
Совещательный Совет
Принимать участие
Заблокировать законопроект
Высший Аппеляционный суд
Принимать политические решения
Исполнительные и законодательные обязанности
Открытие и роспуск парламента
Выполнение обязанностей
Благосостояние
Быть ответственным
Управлять страной
Lecture N 4
Education in Britain
As Great Britain does not have a written constitution, there are no constitutional provisions for education. The system of education is determined by the National Education Act.
Until recently planning and organization were not controlled by central government. Each Local Educational Authority was free to decide how to organize education in its own area. There were wide variations between one part of the country and another. In September 1988, however, "The National Curriculum" was introduced, which means that there is now greater government control over what is taught in schools .and the Secretary of State for Education and Science in the Cabinet is responsible for all the schools, universities and teachers in Britain. In each county education in Britain is provided by the Local Education Authority (LEA). It is financed partly by the Government and partly by local taxes.
Education in Britain mirrors the country's social system: it is class-divided and selective. The first division is between those who pay and those who do not pay. The majority of schools in Britain are supported by public funds and the education in them is free.The most popular schools are called comprehensive. There is also a considerable number of public (private) schools. Parents must pay fees to send their children to these schools. The fees are high.
School Education
The National Education Act of 1944 provided three stages of education: primary, secondary and further education. Compulsory schooling in England and Wales lasts 11 years, from the age of 5 to 16.
Primary education takes place in infant schools (pupils aged from 5 to 7 years) and junior schools (from 8 to 11 years). This marks the transition from play to "real work".
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