Exercise 3. Say if the sentences are True or False according to the text.
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Exercise 4. Study the text and choose the correct variant.
Uncovering fraud in science
Suspicion of misconduct touches some of the greatest names in science. For example, the 2nd-century astronomer Claudius Ptolemy's theories about astronomy were influential for more than a thousand years. Yet many historians now …1… that Ptolemy …2… the celestial observations he claimed.
Other immortal names …3… . The 17th-century scientist Galileo, for instance, …4… as an outstanding example of the rational, thorough experimenter. After attempting to recreate some of his investigations, however, some historians doubt whether Galileo actually …5… all the experiments for which he is famous.
The thread of scientifically questionable work extends into the modern era as well. British psychologist Cyril Burt supposedly …6… "nature vs. nurture" experiments on twins who …7… apart – in support of the theory that intelligence …8… at birth rather than a trait that can be affected by upbringing or other factors. His findings were very influential in British educational policy; an intelligence quotients (IQ) test administered to 11-year olds, for example, determined whether a child …9… in an academic or vocational school. During his life, Burt …10… as one of the greatest psychologists. It was not until after Burt's death in 1971 that scholars reviewed his data and found that in many instances Burt appeared to have simply fabricated data, describing subjects who never existed.
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| a) | b) | c) | d) |
| 1. are believed | believe | are believing | believed |
| 2. hasn't made | hadn't made | wasn't made | didn't make |
| 3. have been tainted | tainted | had been tainted | was tainted |
| 4. had been regarded | were being regarded | has been regarded | has regarded |
| 5. performed | has performed | was performed | had been performed |
| 6. will carry out | has carried out | had carried out | carried out |
| 7. has been raised | was raised | had raised | had been raised |
| 8. is primarily inherited | is primarily inheriting | was primarily being inherited | had primarily been inheriting |
| 9. will be placed | would be placed | will have been placed | would be placing |
| 10. will be regarded | has been regarding | was regarded | had regarded |
MODULE 4. MODERN TECHNOLOGIES. FAMOUS INVENTORS AND THEIR INVENTIONS
PART 1. PRACTICE YOUR READING
AND CRITICAL THINKING SKILLS
Text 1
Exercise 1. Read the article.
Mobile mania spreads as phones become the must-have gadget
More than 24 million Britons now own a mobile phone, according to statistics released yesterday. The growth is expected to accelerate in the next few years as the mobile phone overtakes the personal computer as the most used method of accessing the Internet. No longer a tool only of well-heeled travelling executives and plumbers, the mobile phone is now as likely to be found in school satchels and shopping bags as in briefcases.
According to Vodafone, the market leader, of the 24 million cellphones in use, 11.9 million are prepaid, many of which are now used by teenagers. Schools have even taken to banning the use of mobile phones in classrooms and playgrounds.
The pre-pay services, using phone cards, have proved the most popular with phone users keen to keep their bills under control. The advent of "pay-as-you-go" schemes has brought the mobile phone to millions who could not previously afford one or failed the necessary credit ratings. The average pre-pay customer spends £198 a year whereas the typical business customer receives a bill of £556 a year.
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Around 40 percent of Britons now have a mobile, but by the end of next year, analysts expect the figure to increase by at least half. Even then, we will lag behind Finland, where 71 percent of people own a cellphone.
Already, analysts are predicting that within a few years more people will actually watch the six o'clock news or Match of the Day on their mobile phone than on television. The phone networks say more people are already using their mobiles at six o'clock each evening than the BBC claims are watching its evening news bulletin.
In recent years, a new technology called WAP, which enables the Internet to be viewed on a cellphone screen, was introduced. Now, almost all mobiles will be WAP phones. Mike Caldwell, of Vodafone, said: "The average person will not realize it is the Internet that is coming to them on their mobile phone. They'll just use it to watch what they think is television".
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