Task 10 Read the sentences, translate them into Russian, paying special attention to Conditionals.
1. If he were not responsible, he would never find a way out of the situation.
2. If he had made the matter of the final cost plain, the possibility of losing the money would really never have entered his mind.
3. Had I known her better then, I would never have entrusted her with this task.
4. Should I be his friend, I would say he was the last man in the world to be troubled by such considerations.
5. Were you more insistent, you would easily learn the whole truth.
6. If I were less ignorant, I would tell you all about taxes.
7. If I were our CEO, I would be thinking of the capabilities that distinguish our company from competitors.
8. If I had known that you would come, I certainly would have stayed at home and looked through the notes.
9. It was not worth going there. If I were you, I would never have put myself to so much trouble.
10. Were the situation becoming more threatening, the main thing to do would be getting away as soon as possible.
11. If those countries still lagged in comprehensive tax policy reform, it would be critically important to develop a strategic plan of tax reform with explicit objectives and explicit means to achieve them.
12. Had the rapid succession of changes created confusion among tax administrators and taxpayers alike it would have added to the uncertainty for domestic and national investors.
13. If EMC’s tax systems resembled those of western countries most EMC would introduce separate excise taxes on tobacco, alcoholic beverages, and petroleum products.
14. The question of whether EMC' tax systems have raised revenues in a fair manner would be more difficult to address, if these countries had experienced significant increases in poverty and income inequality during the transition.
15. Tax policy reforms would not measure up to the desirable standards if they did not carefully assess different options against explicit economic objectives.
SPEAKING
Task 11 Have a discussion on the following topics:
1. Is saving money in deposits or other bank instruments always beneficial for economy?
2. Reduction of tax rates from critically high levels leads to the legalization of incomes since the number of those who wish to pay taxes at the rate of , say, 20% of their income is significantly greater than the number of those who are ready to pay taxes at the rate, say, of 50%. That means the modification of the tax rate involves the people’s behavior and their idea of justice. So is it expedient to decrease taxes in proportion to the increase of the citizens’ wealth?
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3. What would you personally prefer – to be rich in absolute terms or to be richer than others? Receive compensation for the unused vacation or take a vacation?
4. Is there a notion of “happiness level” for the society, for the state?
5. Is the mechanism of money and wealth redistribution at the international level necessary to maintain the world stability and prevent wars and conflicts based on the discontent of poor countries with their poverty aggravated by developed countries by way of monopoly on high technology and stimulation of raw materials export at low prices instead of finished products?
6. In this country, what percentage of national income goes to the government as tax? Do you know how this compares with other countries?
7. What is the incidence of taxes in this country?
Task 12 Prepare a presentation on one of the topics below.
• The equity of tax rates.
• Taxes in Russia.
• Taxes in the EU.
• Taxes in Great Britain.
• The social impact of the income tax.
UNIT 7
INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL ORGANIZATIONS
LEAD-IN
Task 1 Answer the questions.
1. Why are there international financial organizations?
2. How many international organizations regulating the sphere of finance can you name on spot?
3. What are the functions of such organizations?
Task 2 Have a look at the emblems of some world institutions and answer the three questions below:
1. Which of the institutions do not refer to the financial sphere?
2. What do you know about the history of these organizations?
3. What are the functions of the financial institutions you have singled out?
1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10
Now you can check if you were right defining who is who. You see some information about the institutions pictured above below:
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1. International Monetary Fund (IMF): The IMF was established in 1944 and promotes world trade. It has 184 member countries. Headquartered in Washington D.C., it works to improve the financial condition of its member countries.
2. World Wildlife Fund (WWF): The WWF was set up in 1961 and is the world’s largest conservation organization. Its main aim are to protect endangered animals and the place where they live.
3. World Health Organization (WHO): The WHO is a part of the United Nations. It promotes health matters worldwide and aims to raise medical standards and monitor diseases.
4. United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF): UNICEF was set up in 1947. It works to improve the health and welfare of children and mothers in developing countries.
5. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO): UNESCO was set up in 1946. It encourages countries to get together on matters such as education, culture and science.
6. World Bank: This International Financial Institution was founded in 1944. It works on reducing poverty. It helps developing countries by giving loans.
7. World Trade Organization (WTO): The Swiss based WTO encourages International trade by establishing trade agreements between countries. With 153 member countries and consisting more than 97% of entire world trade, it propagates the International trade policies.
8. Group of eight (G8): The Group of eight is made up of the world’s leading industrial countries (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK, USA and Russia). The head of the G8 countries meet each year to discuss global issues such as world poverty and security.
9. United Nations (UN): The UN was founded in 1945. Most countries of the world (191) are members. The general assembly of UN makes decision about peacekeeping and human rights.
10. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO): The NATO was founded in 1949 in Washington. The foreign ministers of 10 countries signed a defense treaty that committed them to helping each other in the event of attack. There are now 26 country members with headquartered in Belgium.
READING I
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