Conventions and abbreviations

Стр 1 из 10Следующая ⇒

Федеральное агентство по образованию

Государственное образовательное учреждение

Высшего профессионального образования

Нижегородский государственный лингвистический

Университет им. Н. А. Добролюбова

систематизирующий курс грамматики английского языка

Учебное пособие

Нижний Новгород 2008

Печатается по решению редакционно-издательского совета ГОУ ВПО НГЛУ.

Специальность: теория и методика преподавания иностранных языков и культур. Дисциплина: Систематизирующий курс грамматики английского языка.

УДК 802.0-5 (075.8)

ББК 81.432.1-933

С 409

Систематизирующий курс грамматики английского языка: Учебное пособие / Ф.С. Гришкун, Л.М. Отрошко. – Нижний Новгород: Нижегородский государственный лингвистический университет им. Н.А. Добролюбова, 2008. - 230 с.

Учебное пособие «Систематизирующий курс грамматики английского языка» включает семь частей учебно-методического комплекса по грамматике английского языка, в которых рассматриваются формы и функционирование различных частей речи, членов предложений и предложений в современном английском языке.

УДК 802.0-5 (075.8)

ББК 81.432.1-933

Рецензенты: В.А. Першикова, канд.филол.наук, доцент

Е.Н. Пушкина, канд.филол.наук, доцент

CONTENTS

Введение…………………………………………………………………..	6
Conventions and abbreviations ..………………………………………….	9
GLOSSARY ........……………………………………………………….	10
PART ONE ......………………………………………………………...	41
Fundamentals of Syntax and Morphology .………………………………..	41
Syntactic units. Sentence and phrase….…………………………………...	41
Classification of sentences. Communication types ………………………..	41
Structural types .............................................................................................	42
Sentence parts ...............................................................................................	44
Syntactic relations .....……………………………………………………...	46
Parts of speech ......…………………………………………………………	48
Nouns 49; Adjectives 51; Pronouns 51; Adverbs 56; Verbs 57; Numerals 58; Prepositions 58; Conjunctions 58; Particles 59; Modal words 60; Interjections 60
Grammatical homonyms .....……………………………………………….	61
PART TWO ......………………………………………………………..	62
Nouns and the Basic Noun Phrase ...………………………………………	62
The noun phrase.......………………………………………………………	62
Classification of nouns .....…………………………………………………	63
Number 67; Regular plurals 67; Irregular plurals 68; Foreign plurals 70; Case 73
Determiners 78; The article 78; Demonstrative pronouns 87
Possessive pronouns (conjoint forms) …………………………………….	87
Indefinite pronouns used as determiners .…………………………………	88
Predeterminers .............................................................................................	90
Postdeterminers 91; Indefinite pronouns used as postdeterminers 92; Numerals 92
Substitutes (representers and replacers) 93; Representers 93; Replacers 94; Personal pronouns 95; Self-pronouns 96; Reciprocal pronouns 97;
Compound pronouns in -оne, -body, -thing 98; Absolute forms of possessives 98; One as substitute 99
PART THREE ………............................................................................	100
Adjectives and Adjectival Phrases ...............................................................	100
Adjectival phrases ........................................................................................	100
Characteristics of the adjective ....................................................................	101
Comparison ………………………………………………………………..	101
Constructions with comparisons; Adjectives and adverbs;………………..	104
Adjectives and participles 105; Statives 106
PART FOUR............................................................................................	107
Finite Verb Phrase ........................................................................................	107
Characteristics of verbs ………………………………………………........	108
Classification of verbs ..................................................................................	109
Person and number .......................................................................................	111
Tense ............................................................................................................	111
Primary tenses 112; Simple present 112; Simple past 113; Simple future 114; Secondary tenses 115; Present perfect 116; Past perfect 117; Future perfect 118 Aspect 118
Continuous aspect 119; Perfect forms of the continuous aspect 121
Sequence of tenses........................................................................................	123
Voice ............................................................................................................	125
Mood ............................................................................................................	128
The indicative mood 128; The imperative mood 129
The subjunctive mood ..................................................................................	130
Modals used as auxiliaries ..........................................................................	141
"Can" 141; "May" 143/"Must" 145; "Ought" 147; "Shall" and "Should" 148; "Will" and "Would" 150; "Need" 150; "Dare" 151
PART FIVE .............................................................................................	152
Non-Finite Verb Phrase ...............................................................................	152
The infinitive.................................................................................................	153
Verb characteristics 153; Noun characteristics 154	153
Syntactical functions ....................................................................................	155
The gerund ...................................................................................................	158
Verb characteristics 158; Noun characteristics 159
Gerund and verbal noun compared...............................................................	160
Gerund and infinitive compared ...................................................................	161
The participle................................................................................................	162
Verb characteristics 163; Adjective characteristics 164; Adverbial characteristics 165; Participle I and gerund compared 165
Participles and adjectives .............................................................................	166
PART SIX ...............................................................................................	167
Sentence Patterns..........................................................................................	167
Utterances that are less than grammatical sentences 168; Parentheses 169
Sentences with homogeneous parts ..............................................................	169
Predicative constructions .............................................................................	171
Composite sentences ....................................................................................	177
Compound sentences ....................................................................................	177
Complex sentences .......................................................................................	179
Subject clauses 180; Predicative clauses 181; Object clauses 181 Attributive clauses 182; Adverbial clauses 185;
Complex-compound sentences .....................................................................	192
PART SEVEN .........................................................................................	193
Sentence Parts ....................................................................................	193
The subject......... ..........................................................................................	194
The personal subject 194; The introductory subject 196
The impersonal subject ................................................................................	196
The predicate.................................................................................................	196
The simple verbal predicate .........................................................................	197
The compound verbal modal predicate ........................................................	197
The Compound verbal aspective predicate ..................................................	198
The compound nominal predicate ................................................................	198
Mixed types of predicates.............................................................................	201
The object......................................................................................................	201
The direct object 203; The indirect object 204
The attribute..................................................................................................	206
The adverbial modifier..................................................................................	210
Word order and emphasis..............................................................................	214
Inversion 214; Postponement 216; Structural compensation 217
Subject-predicate concomitance ..................................................................	218
Notional agreement 218; Proximity 219; Agreement violation 221
Sentence Analysis.........................................................................................	222
Words and Phrases Liable to Cause Difficulties …………………………..	224
Bibliography..................................................................................................	229

Введение

Учебное пособие «Систематизирующий курс грамматики английского языка» состоит из семи частей: «Основы синтаксиса и морфологии», «Именные словосочетания с существительным и местоимением в качестве ядра», «Именные словосочетания с прилагательным в качестве ядра», «Глагольные словосочетания (на базе личных форм глагола)», «Глагольные словосочетания (на базе неличных форм глагола)», «Предложение», «Члены предложения».

Изложение материала ведется в соответствии с программой по систематизирующему курсу грамматики английского языка, которая отражает специфику работы по практической грамматике в НГЛУ. Комплексная организация учебного материала по практике иностранного языка, принятая в НГЛУ, предусматривает преподавание грамматики на первом и последующих курсах в комплексе с другими языковыми аспектами на занятиях по практике языка. Систематизирующий курс грамматики служит, в основном, целям упорядочения и обобщения уже фактически приобретенных студентами знаний.

Настоящее пособие, построенное с учетом традиционного деления сфер грамматики на морфологию и синтаксис, открывается разделом, содержащим краткую характеристику всех единиц указанных уровней языковой системы. Подобное изложение материала объясняется стремлением объединить форму и функцию грамматических элементов, что позволяет представить строй английского языка в общем виде. В то же время оно способствует привитию студентам навыка квалифицированного опознания грамматических единиц на начальном этапе изучения систематизирующего курса грамматики.

Основные разделы пособия построены на синтаксической основе. Однако в каждом случае составители стремились по возможности показать соотнесенность двух разделов грамматики. Так, рассмотрение словосочетания проводится параллельно с описанием парадигматических свойств его ядра.

В пособии сохранена традиционная классификация частей речи. Она представлена в начальном разделе, где даются основные сведения о функционировании всех лексико-грамматических классов. Более детальный разбор их форм и функций приводится в связи с рассмотрением соответствующих словосочетаний. Так, например, местоимения как часть речи, их классификация и функции описываются в начальном разделе работы. Далее, в разделе «Именные словосочетания» анализируется использование местоимений в качестве детерминативов и субститутов.

Такое расположение материала неизбежно вызывает повторение отдельных пунктов, однако оно дает возможность более полно и четко описать каждую из анализируемых языковых единиц.

В отличие от большинства нормативных грамматик артикль не выделяется как часть речи, а рассматривается как детерминатив в рамках именного словосочетания. Выбор артикля обосновывается уникальностью/ неуникальностью референции.

В настоящей работе была использована задача системного представления фактов, в связи с чем возникла необходимость сравнения и противопоставления грамматических форм и функций. Наряду с этим была предпринята попытка учета вариативности грамматических единиц.

Будучи ориентированным на функционирование грамматических единиц в соответствии с общелитературным стандартом, пособие не содержит специальной маркировки стилистических вариантов. Однако в ряде случаев указывается на принадлежность данной структуры либо официальной (formal), либо неофициальной (informal) речи.

В целях предотвращения ошибок студентов некоторые грамматические формы и конструкции приводятся под звездочкой как не соответствующие английскому узусу.

Дополнительные сведения о функционировании грамматических единиц помещены в сноски.

При составлении пособия использовались сведения, содержащиеся в «Пособии по грамматике английского языка» Л.С. Бархударова и Д.А. Штелинга, «Грамматике современного языка для университетов» Р. Кверка, С. Гринбаума, Дж. Лича и Я. Свартвика, «Справочнике по грамматике для изучающих английский язык» Р.А. Клоуза, «Коммуникативной грамматике английского языка» Дж. Лича и Я. Свартвика в книге М. Суона «Английский язык в современном употреблении», а также в других отечественных и зарубежных учебниках по грамматике английского языка.

Настоящее пособие является описательно-нормативной грамматикой, поэтому оно снабжено, в основном, типовыми примерами, значительная часть которых заимствована из словарей А.С. Хорнби и Е.А. М. Уилсона, а также из указанных книг Р. Кверка с соавторами, Р.А. Клоуза, Дж. Лича и Я. Свартвика, М. Суона; остальные примеры взяты из современной английской художественной литературы. Во избежание загромождения иллюстрированного материала примеры приводятся в основном без атрибуции.

Первой части пособия предпослан глоссарий.

Работа над пособием была распределена между составителями следующим образом:

Glossary ; Fundamentals of syntax and morphology – Ф.С. Гришкун, М.П. Данкова, Л.Е. Кондаурова, Л.М. Отрошко;

The noun phrase; Classification of nouns; Number; Case – М.П. Данкова, Л.М. Отрошко;

Determiners; Predeterminers; Postdeterminers; Substitutes – Ф.С. Гришкун;

Adjectives and adjectival phrases – В.И. Курышева;

Classification of verbs; Person and number; Tense; Aspect; Sequence of tenses; Mood – Л.М. Отрошко;

Voice – Ф.С. Гришкун;

Modal verbs – И.И.Туранский;

Non-finite verb phrase; Predicative constructions – Л.E. Кондаурова, В.И. Курышева;

Utterances that are less than grammatical sentences; Parentheses; Sentences with homogeneous parts; Compound-complex sentences; Complex-compound sentences – Ф.С. Гришкун, Л.M. Отрошко;

Compound sentences – Л.Е. Кондаурова;

Complex sentences – И.И. Туранский;

The subject; The attribute; Word order and emphasis; Subject-predicate concomitance – Л.М. Отрошко;

The predicate – И.И. Туранский;

The object – В.И. Курышева;

The adverbial modifier – М.П. Данкова;

Sentence analysis – Ф.С. Гришкун.

Conventions and abbreviations

/ /			Slants enclose phonetic transcription.
( )			Close brackets indicate optional of item
{ }			Curved braces indicate choice of items
/			An oblique stroke indicates free alternatives
* after a sentence			An asterisk placed after a sentence or a form refers to a footnote
* before a sentence			An asterisk placed before a sentence or a form signifies that what follows it is unacceptable or “not good English”
ø			Zero marker
=			“equal(s)”
+			“with”, “followed by”
: :			“opposed to”
A			Adjective
Adj _comp			Comparative degree of the adjective
Adj _posit			Positive degree of the adjective
Adj_superl			Superlative degree of the adjective
Adv			Adverb/adverbial modifier
Art _int			Indefinite article
Attr			Attribute
C			Predicative
D			Adverb
f			Feminine
In			Noun pronoun
ind			Indefinite
m			Masculine
N			Noun
Nom			Nominative
NP			Noun phrase
N			Neuter
O			Object
Od			Direct object
Oi			Indirect object
Obj			Objective
P			Predicate
P_l			Link verb
p			Preposition
part			Participle
pers			Person
Poss _Abs			Absolute form of the possessive pronoun
S			Subject
T			Determiner
V			Verb
V_i			Intransitive verb
Ven			Participle II
V_ing			-‘ing’ form of the verb
V_t			Transitive verb
V_p			Verb phrase

GLOSSARY

NOTES FOR USE

A typical entry will contain:

(a) a bracketed part of speech label: (adj) = adjective, (n) = noun, (v) = verb;

(b) a phonetic transcription in accordance with the International Phonetic Alphabet;

(d) a general definition, which is an interpretation of the concept in question;

(e) examples.

Some entries contain cross references indicated by means of an arrow: Ž, which is equivalent of ‘see’. Cross references show the relationship of the term to other terms within the system. Thus in the entry absolute genitive, a cross reference is made to: Ž genitive.

Alternative terms are listed at the end of the entry.

A dash is used to indicate terminological combinations with the word opening the entry.

ABBREVIATION [q"brJvi'eiSqn] (n) сокращение Shortening; a shortened form of a word or words. Many abbreviations are made from initial letters of the most important words in a phrase, e.g. “BBC” from “British Broadcasting Corporation”. In grammar abbreviated forms of auxiliary verbs are common, e.g.

‘d = had ‘ll = will ‘ve = have ‘s = is

would has

Alternative term: shortening.

ABSOLUTE ['xbsqlHt] (adj) независимый Self-existent; independent; used without its head.

- ABSOLUTE GENITIVE Ž GENITIVE

- ABSOLUTE CONSTRUCTION абсолютная конструкция A structure containing secondary predication isolated from the main sentence by intonation or commas, e.g. Weather permitting, we shall go. Alternative term: nominative absolute construction.

ADDRESS [q'dres] (n) обращение The use of a proper or a common noun denoting a person as a means of establishing verbal contact, e.g. Rachel, are you all right?

ADJECTIVE ['xGiktiv] (n) прилагательное A part of speech which is used to describe people, things, events. Adjectives are used in connection with nouns and pronouns, e.g. A green apple; I am hungry.

ADJECTIVAL ["xGek'taivql] (adj) адъективный; свойственный прилагательному ; имеющий характер прилагательного Pertaining to adjectives or resembling them in some way.

- ADJECTIVAL PHRASE адъективное словосочетание A phrase with a single adjective, e.g. (He is) happy, or with an adjective and one or more Ž adjuncts, e.g. (He is) so very happy.

ADJECTIVAL ["xGek'taivql] (n) адъективное слово ; слово , употребленное в качестве прилагательного A name given by some grammarians to a structure which functions as an adjective, before or after a noun, but which cannot take the normal inflections of an adjective, e.g. the above statement; the examples adduced.

ADJOIN [q'GoIn] (v) примыкать То add, to append.

ADJOINMENT [q'GoInment] (n) примыкание Subordination of the adjunct to the head which is achieved by their positions and meanings, e.g. listened carefully; all right; much more

ADJUNCT ['xGAN(k)t] (n) адъюнкт ; подчиненный элемент A subordinate component of a phrase, e.g. my. brother; particularly pleasant; knew them.

ADVERB ['xvWb] (n) наречие A part of speech which can be used to qualify a verb, adjective or another adverb, e.g. quickly.

ADVERBIAL [qd'vWbjql] (adj) адвербиальный ; свойственный наречию ; имеющий характер наречия Pertaining to adverbs or resembling them in some way.

- ADVERBIAL CLAUSE придаточное обстоятельственное A subordinate clause used as an adverbial modifier in a complex sentence.

- ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF CAUSE придаточное обстоятельственное причины e.g. As it was raining I brought an umbrella.

- ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF CONCESSION придаточное обстоятельственное уступки e.g. Although he hadn’t eaten for days, he looked strong and healthy. Alternative term: concessive clause

- ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF CONDITION придаточное обстоятельственное условия e.g. Give this message to John if you see him.

Alternative term: conditional clause.

- ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF MANNER AND COMPARISON придаточное обстоятельственное образа действия и сравнения e.g. Do it the way I suggest. This road is less crowded than the other one was. Alternative term: comparative clause.

- ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF PLACE придаточное обстоятельственное места e.g. We live now where we’ve always lived.

- ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF PURPOSE придаточное обстоятельственное цели e.g. He left early so that he should not miss the train.

- ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF RESULT придаточное обстоятельственное следствия e.g. I took no notice of him, so (that) he flew into a rage.

- ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF TIME придаточное обстоятельственное времени e.g. Buy your tickets as soon as you can. Alternative terms: time clause; temporal clause.

- ADVERBIAL MODIFIER обстоятельство A secondary member of the sentence which modifies a predicate-verb, a verbal in any of its function or a part of the sentence expressed by an adjective or adverb.

- ADVERBIAL MODIFIER OF ATTENDANT/ATTENDING CIRCUMSTANCES обстоятельство сопутствующих явлений e.g. She sat under a tree, the sun shining.

- ADVERBIAL MIDIFIER OF CAUSE обстоятельство причины e.g. She flushed from being looked at.

- ADVERBIAL MODIFIER OF CONCESSION обстоятельство уступки e.g. Even Marial laughed in spite of herself.

- ADVERBIAL MODIFIER OF CONDITION обстоятельство условия e.g. I shall ring you up in case of necessity.

- ADVERBIAL MODIFIER OF DEGREE AND MEASURE обстоятельство степени и меры e.g. They are very gloomy.

- ADVERBIAL MODIFIER OF MANNER AND COMPARISON обстоятельство образа действия и сравнения e.g. She stared at him as if surprised.

- ADVERBIAL MODIFIER OF PLACE AND DIRECTION обстоятельство места и направления e.g. He was born in London: John went to the butcher’s.

- ADVERBIAL MODIFIER OF PURPOSE обстоятельство цели e.g. She strained her ears to catch the words.

- ADVERBIAL MODIFIER OF RESULT обстоятельство следствия e.g. He is too weak to go there.

- ADVERBIAL MODIFIER OF TIME AND FREQUENCY ['frJkwqnsi] обстоятельство времени и частотности e.g. She came early today; I often go there.

- ADVERBIAL PHRASE обстоятельственное словосочетание A phrase with a single adverb, e.g. Did you get far? , or with an adverb and one or more adjuncts, e.g. How far did you get?

ADVERBIAL [qd'vWbjql] (n) обстоятельство A name given by some grammarians to a structure which functions as an adverbial modifier, e.g. They drove downhill to the college.

ADVERSATIVE [qd'vWsqtiv] (adj) противительный Expressing opposition.

- ADVERSATIVE CONJUNCTION противительный союз e.g. but, yet, still, while (She likes opera, while I like ballet).

AFFIRMATIVE [q'fWmqtiv] (adj) утвердительный Asserting that a fact is so, answering ‘Yes’.

- AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCE утвердительное предложение A sentence that is not negative. Cf.: I agree (affirmative); I do not agree (negative).

AGENT ['eiGqnt]агенс , субъект действия In a passive construction the expression that says who/what an action is done by, e.g. This picture is probably painted by a pupil of Rubens.

AGENTIVE [q'Gqntiv] (adj) агентивный Pertaining to the agent.

AGREEMENT [q'grJmqnt](n) согласование A means of expressing subordination which consists in making the adjunct take a form similar to that of the head, e.g. this day; these days.

- AGREEMENT RULE правило согласования A rule governing the use of subject-predicate forms: a subject in the singular requires a singular predicate verb, e.g. He is working; They are working.

- NOTIONAL AGREEMENT согласование по смыслу Agreement of the verb with the idea of plural in the collective noun rather than the actual singular form of the noun, e.g. A family who quarrel among themselves.

- AGREEMENT VIOLATION [vaiq'leiSqn]нарушение согласования Use of forms that contradicts grammatical agreement of number and person, e.g. Here’s your keys.

ALTERNATIVE [Ll'tWnqtiv](adj) альтернативный , обозначающий выбор Offering choice between two or more things.

- ALTERNATIVE QUESTION альтернативный вопрос E.g. Are you coming or not?

ANALYTICAL [xnq'litikq](adj) аналитический Expressing grammatical relations by separate items instead of by inflections.

- ANALYTICAL FORM аналитическая форма A form consisting of an auxiliary and a notional word, e.g. has been doing; more beautiful.

ANAPHORIC ["xnq'forik](adj) анафорический Pointing back, referring to something previously mentioned, e.g. She gave me a book to read. The book is very interesting.

- ANAPHORIC REPLACER анафорический заместитель An item that replaces a previously mentioned construction. It is a personal and possessive pronoun, the prop-word ‘one’, e.g. These apples are not ripe. Give me some ripe ones.

ANIMATE ['xnimit](adj) одушевленный Living.

- ANIMATE NOUN одушевленное существительное A noun denoting a living being, e.g. a girl, a goose.

ANTECEDENT ['xntI'sJdent](n) антецедент; определяемое слово A word or a phrase referred back to by a subsequent item, e.g. I remember the place where we rested.

ANTICIPATORY [xnti'sJpeitqri](adj) антиципирующий , предвосхищающий Pointing forward, referring to something to be mentioned.

- ANTICIPATORY OBJECT вводящее , предваряющее дополнение А preparatory (formal) object, introducing the real object, e.g. I thought it peculiar that she hadn’t written.

- ANTICIPATORY SUBJECT вводящее , предваряющее подлежащее А preparatory (formal) subject, introducing the real (notional) subject, e.g. It is necessary to work hard; There are some people outside

APPOSITION ["xpq'ziSqn](n) приложение A nominal element which gives another designation to what is expressed by the word it refers to, e.g. Herr Müller, our new teacher, is a German.

- CLOSE APPOSITION необособленное приложение An apposition which is not separated by a comma and stands in close connection with the word modified, e.g. Doctor Patrick; the town of Daventry.

- DETACHED [di'txCt]APPOSITION обособленное приложение An apposition which is not closely connected with the noun it modifies; it is separated by a comma and has a stress of its own, e.g. Mr.Hall, an old friend of mine. Alternative term: loose apposition.

APPOSITIVE [q'pOzitiv](adj) аппозитивный Functioning as apposition.

- APPOSITIVE CLAUSE придаточное аппозитивное An attributive clause which discloses the meaning of the antecedent expressed by an abstract noun, e.g. The news that he was resigning his job proved to be incorrect.

APOSTROPHE [q'pOstrqfi](n) апостроф A diacritic mark used in writing to indicate omission of a sound or part of a word, e.g. ‘m, ‘d; the genitive case: Mary’s dress; the children’s toys.

ARCHAIC [R'keiik] (adj) архаический , устаревший No longer in common use, e.g. thou, ye.

ARTICLE ['Rtikl](n) артикль A noun determiner.

- DEFINITE ARTICLE определенный артикль : the.

- INDEFINITE ARTICLE неопределенный артикль : a(n)

ASPECT ['xspekt](n) вид A grammatical category of the verb which shows the manner in which the action is experienced or regarded: as a fact or activity in progress.

- COMMON ASPECT общий вид E.g. She cried with pain when the dentist pulled the tooth out. Alternative term: non-continuous.

- CONTINUOUS ASPECT продолженный вид E.g. She was crying for joy.

ASPECTIVE FUNCTION OF THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE качественно - аспектуальная функция неопределенного артикля This function of the indefinite article is evident when the indefinite article determines an uncountable abstract noun modified by a descriptive attribute which brings out a special aspect of the notion expressed by the noun, e.g. A dull anger rose in his chest. Nouns denoting objects considered to be unique can also be determined by the indefinite article in its aspective function, e.g. He had never seen so red a moon.

ASYNDETIC ["xsin'detik] (adj) бессоюзный Used without a Ž connector.

- ASYNDETIC CONNECTION бессоюзная связь A connection of sentence parts and clauses without a connector. Alternative term: asyndeton.

ASYNDETON [x'sinditqn](n) бессоюзие A construction which omits the connectors, e.g. Slowly, stealthily, he crept towards his victim; All I did was in vain.

ATTRIBUTE ['xtrIbjut](n) атрибут , определение A Ž secondary sentence part qualifying the noun or its equivalent, e.g. a green shirt; the city council, the procedure to be followed.

- DESCRIPTIVE ATTRIBUTE описательное определение An attribute which describes the person or thing denoted by the noun and gives additional information, e.g. a red pencil; an apple tree.

- LIMITING ATTRIBUTE ограничивающее определение An attribute which narrows the class to which the object denoted by the noun belongs, e.g. a good place to stay; the substance discovered almost by accident.

- POSTPOSITIVE ATTRIBUTE постпозитивное определение An attribute which is placed after the noun it qualifies, e.g. a girl resembling Joan.

- PREPOSITIVE [pri'pOsitiv]ATTRIBUTE препозитивное определение An attribute which is placed before the noun it qualifies, e.g. an only child.

- CIRCUMSTANTIAL ["sWkqm'stxnSql]ATTRIBUTE обстоятельственное определение A variety of a Ž detached attribute which is very close in meaning to an adverbial modifier, e.g. Suddenly touched she came over to his chair and kissed his cheek.

- COMPLEX ATTRIBUTE сложное определение An attribute which is expressed by a verbal Ž construction, e.g. There is a danger of a fire being started.

ATTRIBUTIVE [q'tribjutiv] (adj) атрибутивный Pertaining to attributes.

- ATTRIBUTIVE CLAUSE придаточное определительное A subordinate clause functioning as attribute, e.g. He admires Mrs Brown, which surprises me.

AUXILIARY [Lg'ziljqri] (n) вспомогательное слово A word which helps to build analytical forms (degrees of comparison; future, continuous, perfect verb forms, etc), e.g. More valuable; will go; was done.

CARDINAL ['kRdinl] (n) Ž numeral

CASE (n) падеж A grammatical category of a Ž noun or Ž pronoun indicating its relationship to other words in the sentence.

- COMMON CASE общий падеж The uninflected form of the noun in opposition to the Genitive case, e.g. Mary, boy. Alternative term: Nominative case.

- GENITIVE CASE родительный падеж The case form of a noun with ‘s inflection, e.g. Mary’s, boy’s. Alternative term: Possessive case.

- NOMINATIVE ['nOminqtiv] CASE именительный падеж A case form indicating that the personal pronoun in question is functioning as the subject of the sentence, e.g. she; they.

- OBJECTIVE [qb'Gektiv] CASE объектный падеж The oblique form indicating that the personal pronoun in question is not used as the subject, e.g. her, them.

CATEGORY ['kxtigqri] (n) категория A class of grammatical items in which each member has a characteristic common to all the rest, e.g. number, case, tense, voice.

CAUSATIVE-CONSECUTIVE ['kLzetiv-kqn'sekjutiv] CONJUNCTION причинно - следственный союз A conjunction introducing a clause which expresses a reason, purpose or effect, e.g. because, so, therefore.

CENTRE OF COMMUNICATION центр коммуникации The part of the sentence providing ‘new’ information, which is the most important in the sentence.

CLASS NOUN = COUNTABLE NOUN A noun which may form a plural, e.g. chair, table.

CLASSIFYING FUNCTION OF THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE классифицирующая функция неопределенного артикля This function of the indefinite article is evident when the indefinite article used with a countable noun in the singular indicates that the object denoted by the noun is one of the class without defining its place in the class, e.g. a student, a window.

CLAUSE предложение , входящее в сложное предложение A syntactical unit containing a subject and a predicate, which makes part of a composite sentence.

- COORDINATE ['ko(V)'LdnIt] CLAUSE предложение , входящее в сложносочиненное предложение A Ž clause in a Ž compound sentence, e.g. He tried hard, but he failed.

- MAIN CLAUSE главное предложение A clause which has full meaning when standing alone and which is not dependent on any other clause, e.g. You can do it if you try. Alternative term: principal clause.

- SUBORDINATE [sq'bLdinIt] CLAUSE придаточное предложение А clause which is dependent on another clause for its full meaning; a constituent of the main clause, e.g. You can do it if you try.

COGNATE ['kOgneit] (adj) родственный Having the same source or origin.

COGNATE ['kOgneit] (n) родственное слово A word that is Žcognate with another, e.g. English “mother”, German “Mutter”, Latin “mater”.

- COGNATE OBJECT родственное дополнение The Ž object which is etymologically or semantically related to the verb by which it is governed, e.g. They lived a happy life: He runs a race.

COMBINABILITY [kqm"bInq'bIlItI] (n) сочетаемость The ability of a word to co-occur with words of different classes.

COMPARATIVE Ž DEGREE OF COMPARISON Ž COMPARATIVE DEGREE

- DOUBLE COMPARATIVE двойное сравнение The formation of the comparative using two markers is one form, e.g. the Lesser Bear.

- COMPARISON (n) сравнение A grammatical category reflecting various qualitative and quantitative degrees of properties.

- COMPLEMENT ['kOmplimqnt] (n) предикативный член A constituent that is necessary to complete a grammatical construction, usually that part of a verb phrase which is required to make it complete, e.g. The food tasted good.

- OBJECT(IVE) COMPLEMENT объектно - предикативный член A noun or its equivalent required to complete the meaning of a transitive verb; it re-identifies the direct object of the verb and makes part of a Ž complex object, e.g. They made him chairman.

- SUBJECT(IVE) COMPLEMENT субъектно - предикативный член A noun or its equivalent that completes the meaning of a link verb or a transitive verb in the passive and at the same time refers to the subject making a Ž complex subject with it, e.g. The house appeared deserted: He was appointed an associate justice.

COMPLETE SENTENCE полное предложение A simple or a complex sentence without any part felt as missing.

COMPLEX Ž CONSTRUCTION Ž PREDICATIVE CONSTRUCTION

COMPLEX ADVERBIAL MODIFIER сложное обстоятельство An adverbial modifier expressed by a Ž predicative construction, e.g. All that was after Nick’s leaving the place.

COMPLEX ATTRIBUTE сложное определение An attribute expressed by a Ž predicative construction, e.g. There’s little sense in your staying here now.

COMPLEX OBJECT сложное дополнение An Ž object expressed by a predicative construction, e.g. I’m surprised at John making that mistake.

COMPLEX PREDICATIVE сложный предикатив A Ž predicative expressed by a Ž predicative construction, e.g. It’s all their doing.

COMPLEX SUBJECT сложное подлежащее A Ž subject expressed by a predicative construction, e.g. Their being bothered amused him.

COMPOSITE SENTENCE сложное предложение A sentence with coordinate and/or subordinate clauses.

COMPOUND ['kOmpaund] (adj) сложный Made up of two or more parts.

- COMPOUND NOUN сложное существительное A noun which is made up of two or more stems, e.g. Bluebeard, machine-gun.

- COMPOUND PREDICATE составное сказуемое A Ž predicate consisting of a finite verb and other elements, e.g. can do; began to speak; is right.

- COMPOUND SENTENCE сложносочиненное предложение A sentence which is made up of at least two independent clauses connected by Ž coordinating conjunctions or asyndetically, e.g. Harry was at the party, and Fred was also there.

CONCORD Ž AGREEMENT

CONCRETE ['kOnkrJt] NOUN конкретное существительное A Ž noun referring to a material object, e.g. table, animal. It may take any determiner and usually forms a plural.

CONDITIONAL CLAUSE Ž ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF CONDITION

CONDITIONAL MOOD условное наклонение An Ž analytical form of the Ž subjunctive mood expressed by “should/would” + infinitive of the main verb which implies a condition or hypothesis, e.g. If I could I should go there; He would have done it for nothing.

CONJOINT [kOn'GOInt] (adj) присоединенный United, associated.

- CONJOINT FORM присоединенная форма A form of the possessive pronoun which precedes the noun it modifies, e.g. your, my.

CONJUNCTION [kOn'GANkSqn] (n) союз A Ž form word used to link together sentence parts or clauses. Alternative terms: connector, connective.

- COORDINATING [kOu'LdineitiN] CONJUNCTION сочинительный союз A conjunction which links together items of equal rank without syntactic or semantic implications, e.g. and, but, or, nor, for, etc, which in turn may be classified into Ž copulative, e.g. and, nor, not only ... but; Ž adversative, e.g. but, still, yet; Ž disjunctive, e.g. or, either ... or; Ž causative-consecutive, e.g. for, hence, so. Alternative term: coordinator.

- CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTION Ž CORRELATIVE

- SUBORDINATING [sq'bLdineitiN] CONJUNCTION подчинительный союз A conjunction which indicates subordination of the clause introduced, e.g. Unless you put on your overcoat, you’ll catch a cold. Sometimes it introduces a phrase, e.g. He looked at me kindly if somewhat sceptically. Alternative term: subordinator.

- CONJUNCTIVE [kqn'GANktive] (adj) союзный Referring to the Žconnectors.

- CONJUNCTIVE ADVERB союзное наречие An adverb which connects clauses, e.g. why, how.

- CONJUNCTIVE PRONOUN союзное местоимение A pronoun which connects clauses, e.g. which, what.

- CONJUNCTIVE WORD союзное слово A conjunctive adverb/ pronoun.

CONNECTOR [kq'nqktq] = CONJUNCTION

CONSTITUENT [kqn'stitjuqnt] (n) конституент , составная часть A language element which is a component part of a larger unit.

CONTACT ['kOntxkt] CLAUSE контактное придаточное An attributive clause joined Ž asyndetically to the main clause, e.g. I devoured the books they lent me.

CONTEXT ['kOntekst] (n) контекст The language units preceding and following a particular linguistic item in an utterance or text. Alternative term: environment.

CONSTRUCTION (n) конструкция The process or result of a grouping of words within a sentence.

- PREDICATIVE CONSTRUCTION предикативная конструкция А construction based on Ž secondary predication, e.g. a complex subject, a complex object, etc. Alternative terms: a verbal construction, a complex with a verbal.

CONTINUOUS [kqn'tinjuqs] (n) продолженный вид An Ž analytical aspect form of the verb expressed by ‘be’ + participle I of the main verb, which indicates temporariness, i.e. limited duration of the action, e.g. is writing.

CONTRACTION [kqn'trxkSqn] (n) стяжение The process or result of a merging of an Ž abbreviated form with the preceding word, e.g. I’m; who’ll; can’t.

CO - OCCUR ['kOuq'kW] (v) допускать совместную встречаемость То be used together.

COORDINATE CLAUSE Ž CLAUSE

COORDINATING CONJUNCTION Ž CONJUNCTION

COORDINATION [kOu"Ldi'neiSqn] (n) СОЧИНЕНИЕ (1) A syntactic relation between units which are equal in rank, i.e. not dependent on one another; (2) The linking of Ž homogeneous sentence parts and Ž coordinate clauses. Coordination is expressed by Ž coordinating conjunctions or Ž asyndetically, e.g. My closest friends are Fred and his wife; Honest, cleverstudents always succeed.

COORDINATOR Ž COORDINATING CONJUNCTION

COPULATIVE ['kOpjulqtiv] (adj) СОЕДИНИТЕЛЬНЫЙ Serving to connect.

- COPULATIVE CONJUNCTION соединительный союз A coordinating conjunction denoting addition, i.e. one fact is added to another, e.g. and, nor, neither ... nor, as well as, both ... and, not only ... but also.

CORRELATIVE [kq'rqlqtiv] (n) коррелирующий , соотносительный союз A conjunction consisting of a pair of words such as ‘either ... or’, ‘hardly ... when’, etc connecting words or clauses, e.g. He was both shocked and entertained.

COUNT(ABLE) NOUN Ž NOUN

DECLARATIVE SENTENCE Ž SENTENCE

DEFECTIVE VERB недостаточный глагол A verb which does not possess all the forms typical of its class, e.g. the verbs ‘must’ and ‘ought’ have no past tense forms.

DEFINING [di'fainiN] CLAUSE идентифицирующее придаточное Ž RESTRICTIVE CLAUSE

DEGREE OF COMPARISON степень сравнения A grammatical form of Ž comparison.

- POSITIVE ['pOzqtiv] DEGREE положительная степень The statement of a quality or quantity but implying no comparison; the Žbasic form of the adjective or adverb as listed in a dictionary, e.g. sad, glad.

- COMPARATIVE [kqm'pxrqtiv] DEGREE сравнительная степень A form expressing a higher degree of a particular quality or quantity in relation to a reference point, e.g. a hotter day than yesterday.

- SUPERLATIVE [sju'pWlqtiv] DEGREE превосходная степень A form expressing the highest degree of a quality or quantity, e.g. (the) quickest, (the) most numerous.

DEGREE WORD слово , выражающее степень A word which modifies the meaning of a particular word in the sentence, e.g. I’m very hungry; I agree with you absolutely.

DEMONSTRATIVE [di'mOnstrqtiv] (n) указательное местоимение A word used to point out or indicate persons or things specifically, e.g. this (these), that (those), same, such.

DEPENDENT APPENDIX [q'pendiks] аппендикс A verbless clause consisting of (1) the conjunction ‘than’ and a noun phrase following the comparative of an adjective or adverb, e.g. She is better than you: (2) the conjunction ‘as’ and an adjective, noun, pronoun or adverb following the adverb ‘as’, e.g. Will he be as good as his word?

DEPENDENT CLAUSE Ž SUBORDINATE CLAUSE

DERIVED [di'raivd] SENTENCE производное предложение A result of transformation, e.g. They gave Jackson a package Ž They gave a package to Jackson. Alternative term: a transform.

DESCRIPTIVE ATTRIBUTE Ž ATTRIBUTE

DETACHED [di'txCt] SENTENCE PART обособленный член предложения An Ž adjunct characterized by some degree of independence from its Žhead word, e.g. Carefully, he signed his name.

DEFINITE ARTICLE Ž ARTICLE

DETERMINER [di'tWminq] (n) детерминатив, определитель A word that determines or limits a noun in various ways, e.g. by making it definite (the boy), indefinite (a boy) or by indicating quantity (much food). Determiners comprise Ž articles, the Ž demonstratives ‘this’ and ‘that’, Ž possessive pronouns in the Ž conjoint form and the indefinite pronouns ‘some, any, no, each, either, neither, much’

DIRECT OBJECT прямое дополнение An Ž object without a preposition denoting the person or thing which suffers the action of the verb in the sentence, e.g. She is washing the dishes now.

DIRECT SPEECH прямая речь A quotation of actual speech as opposed to Ž indirect speech.

DISJUNCTIVE [dis'jANktiv] (adj) разделительный Implying a contrast or disassociation.

- DISJUNCTIVE CONJUNCTION разделительный союз A Ž coordinating conjunction offering some choice between one statement and another, e.g. or, either ... or.

DISYLLABIC ['disi'lxbik] (n) двусложное слово A word consisting of two syllables, e.g. polite, common.

DOUBLE COMPARATIVE Ž COMPARATIVE

DOUBLE PREDICATE двойное сказуемое A crossing of a verbal and nominal predicate, e.g. The moon rose red = The moon rose. The moon was red.

DOUBLET ['dAblIt] дублет A pair of items in a language which are similar in origin, form and meaning, e.g. older - elder; farther - further.

DRAMATIC PRESENT историческое настоящее время (1) The use of the present tense forms of verbs in stage directions; (2) The use of the present tense forms of verbs to narrate events which occurred in the past, often to give a sense of immediacy or urgency. Alternative term: historic(al) present.

ELATIVE [I'leitiv] (n) элатив The use of the adverb 'most' before an adjective to convey a very high degree of quality without implying comparison with any particular object, e.g. He was a most capable doctor.

ELLIPSIS [I'lipsis] (n) эллипсис The process or result of omitting some part of a word or sentence.

ELLIPTICAL [I'liptikql] (adj) эллиптический Referring to Ž ellipsis. Alternative term: incomplete.

EMPHASIS ['emfqsis] (n) эмфаза, выделение Laying special stress on a word to indicate that it has special importance in a sentence.

EMPHASIZE ['emfqsaiz] (v) выделять То lay Ž emphasis on.

ENCLOSURE [In'klouZq] (n) замыкание A way of connection consisting in framing up subordinate elements, e.g. our new acquaintance.

ENDING Ž INFLECTION

EXCLAMATION [eksklq'meiSqn] (n) восклицание A sentence conveying intensity of emotion, e.g. Good heavens!

EXCLAMATORY [eks'klxmqtqri] (adj) восклицательный Containing an exclamation.

EXISTENTIAL ["egzis'tenSql] SENTENCE экзистенциальное, бытийное предложение A sentence which expresses or denies the existence of something, e.g. There is (no) chair in this room.

EXPLICIT [iks'plisit] (adj) эксплицитный, явно выраженный Outspoken, e.g. In ‘If it were not for you we should not have finished in time’ the condition is explicit. Cf. Ž implicit.

FACTIVE NOUN Ž NOUN

Дата добавления: 2019-09-13; просмотров: 469; Мы поможем в написании вашей работы!

Поделиться с друзьями:

12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Следующая ⇒

Мы поможем в написании ваших работ!