Exercise 3.6. The following sentences are used to talk about (difficult) issues. Complete them with the preposition in the box.
| of; on to; with (3 times); for; into |
1 We will have to deal _____ the problem of marine environment pollution.
2 How shall we cope_____chlorofluorocarbons that are used in refrigerators, aerosol cans and in the manufacture of some plastic products?
3 If we don’t solve this problem now, we’ll get_____ serious trouble in the nearest future.
4 We will have to takecare_____this problem now.
5 We are currently having difficulties_____ this experiment.
6 Let’s now move_____ the question we were discussing earlier.
7 We must identify the cause of the problem before we look_____ solutions.
Exercise 3.7. Match the beginnings and endings of the following sentences.
| 1 It will take about 20 minutes | a of my first point. |
| 2 I’ll be handing out copies of the slides | b what we were discussing earlier. |
| 3 There will be time for | c facts we should take a look at. |
| 4 This brings me to the end | d at the end of my talk |
| 5 Before I move on, | e a few points before we start. |
| 6 Let’s go back to | f to cover these issues. |
| 7 With regard to planning, we need | g more background information. |
| 8 Moreover, there are other interesting | h I’d like to recap the main points. |
| 9 Of course we’ll have to clarify | i we’ll run into serious trouble soon. |
| 10 If we don’t solve this problem now, | j questions after my presentation. |
Exercise 3.8. Are these words and expressions used to make contrasts or add additional information to support a point? Put them into the correct category.
| moreover; however; furthermore; what’s more; on the other hand; likewise; similarly; yet; as well as; in comparison; that said/then again; coupled with; |
1 _____, the results of a recent piece of research provide compelling evidence in support of…
2 Scholar A’s opinion, then, is based on insufficient evidence. _____, Scholar B’s opinion seems more plausible
3 The plural of ‘shelf’ is ‘shelves’. _____, the plural of ‘wolf’ is ‘wolves’.
4 _____ the literary evidence, the statistics paint a compelling view of…
5 The evidence ostensibly appears to point to this conclusion. _____, much of the evidence is unreliable at best
6 Scholar A thinks this. _____, Scholar B reached a different conclusion.
7 _____, there is evidence to suggest that…
8 One piece of evidence is not enough to prove it. _____ not everyone agrees that this is the most important aspect of the situation
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9 Of course, cars are very useful. But _____, they cause a huge amount of pollution.
10 Scholar A argued that this was due to X, _____ Y.
11_____, this isn’t the only evidence that supports this hypothesis.
12 Scholar A believes X. _____, Scholar B argues compellingly in favour of this point of view.
More information about the use of thewords and expressions above you find out in Appendix 2
Exercise 3.9. Make the following sentences to appear more polite using the words and phrases in the box.
| could; as far as I’m aware; I suppose; might; I don’t believe that; it seems to me that; would; would… be |
1 (a) _____ the idea of passwords, which have been used as security devices for thousands of years, (b) _____ need rethinking.
2 I think that biomimetic solar panels, which move with the sun, (c) _____be created by using alternative materials and designs.
3 They (d) _____ be useful in developing areas, where motor-based sun-tracking panels are not affordable.
4 Also, (e) _____ solar cells that track the sun (f) _____probably ___more efficient at generating power than those in a fixed position.
5 (g) _____ all these factors are responsible for this disturbing development.
6 The use of drugs, especially antibiotics, (h) _____, has led to the establishment of resistant strains of diseases.
Exercise 3.10. Prepare the Main Part of your presentation using phrases in the unit and the following plan:
Ø Briefly state your topic again.
Ø Explain your objective(s).
Ø Signal the beginning of each point.
Ø Talk about your topic.
Ø Signal the end of each part.
Ø Highlight the main points.
Ø Tell listeners you have reached the end of the main part.
UNIT 4. Let’s Look at This Slide…
Connect to Your Life
In pairs, discuss the following questions:
· Which types of visuals do you use most frequently in your presentations?
· What is important when presenting visuals?
· What tips can you think of for using visuals effectively?
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Exercise 4.1. Now, read the text about visual aids.
To be effective a good visual must focus on only a few points. It’s important not to have too much information on one slide. Slide overload is bad because people will then spend time reading the slide rather than listening to the presenter.
A slide must be readable. If the audience can’t read the slide, they will soon give up. That’s why font size is very important. It should be as large as possible. And sometimes it’s also a good idea to use different colors to highlight some points. Using many different colors can be confusing though.
It is good to use the rule of six which mean:
ü a maximum of six lines per slide
ü a maximum of six words per line
If you stick to this rule, you won’t risk overloading your charts with too much information.
The presenter is the focus of the presentation – not the visuals. The key purpose for using visual aid is to help the audience understand the topic better. So the visuals should only be used to support the presenter’s message. If a visual distracts the audience’s attention from what you are saying, it’s useless.
What you say and what you show should always go together 100%. So when you’re not talking about the slide, it shouldn’t be visible.
It’s very important that the presenter speaks to the audience and doesn’t read to them. The speaker must make eye-contact and not watch the monitor or screen while he or she is talking. It’s extremely boring when someone just reads slides word for word as if it were an essay or something.
During a presentation we can use different kinds of visuals:
§ a bar chart
§ a table
§ a technical drawing
§ a map
§ a graph
§ a pie chart
§ organizational chart
The first rule of preparing effective visuals is that they should be clear and easy for the audience to follow. Sometimes it is necessary to explain a more complicated visual and it is always necessary to point out the most important information.
· Say if the following sentences are true or false.
1 It’s important to have too much information on one slide.
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2 A slide should be as large as possible.
3 It’s a good idea to use many different colors to highlight some points.
4 The key purpose for using visual aid is to help the audience understand the topic better.
5 The visuals should only be used to support the presenter’s message.
6 It is useful, if a visual distracts the audience’s attention from what you are saying.
7 Even when you’re not talking about the slide, it should be visible.
8 It’s very important that the presenter speaks to the audience and doesn’t read to them.
9 The speaker must make eye-contact and watch the monitor or screen while he or she is talking.
10 Visuals should be clear and easy for the audience to follow.
· Which of the tips above do you think are the most useful?
Read & Reflect
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