Tasks for Reading for Meaning (Comprehension of the Text)
Tasks for defining the main points of the text
Sample processing of Abstract
Tasks for paper organization
After you've read a scientific original paper once, use the following set of questions to guide your re-readings of the text. The questions will help you describe and analyze composition and structure of the different types of texts, understand their content and determine the main points of the papers.
Purpose / Structure/Composition
Identify the main purpose of a text, including what the author wants to answer, explain, or describe.
Analyze various text features (e.g., captions, headings, subheadings, bold print, sidebars, hyperlinks, glossaries, indexes, electronic menus, icons) to locate key facts or information in a text efficiently.
Describe an organizational structure in which related ideas are grouped to support the writer’s purpose.
Study the following passage. Try to prove that it can be qualified as cause/effect description.
Describe the overall structure (e.g., chronology, comparison, cause/effect, problem/solution) of events, ideas, concepts, or information in a text or part of a text.
Analyze the structure an author uses to organize a text, including how the major sections contribute to the whole and to the development of the ideas.
Analyze in detail the structure of a specific paragraph in a text, including the role of particular sentences in developing and refining a key concept.
Analyze how a particular sentence, paragraph, chapter, or section fits into the overall structure of a text and contributes to the development of the ideas.
How does the author signal new sections of the text?
Tasks for Reading for Meaning (Comprehension of the Text)
Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including figurative, connotative, and technical meanings.
Determine the meaning of symbols, key terms, and other domain-specific words and phrases as they are used in a specific scientific or technical context relevant to texts and topics.
Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including figurative, connotative, and technical meanings; analyze how an author uses and refines the meaning of a key term.
Distinguish between information provided by pictures or other illustrations and information provided by the words in a text.
Explain how specific images (e.g., a diagram showing how a machine works) contribute to and clarify a text.
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Use information gained from illustrations (e.g., maps, photographs) and the words in a text to demonstrate understanding of the text (e.g., where, when, why, and how key events occur).
Describe the logical connection between particular sentences and paragraphs in a text (e.g., comparison, cause/effect, first/second/third in a sequence).
Explain how an author uses reasons and evidence to support particular points in a text, identifying which reasons and evidence support which point(s).
Trace and evaluate the argument and specific claims in a text, assessing whether the reasoning is sound and the evidence is relevant and sufficient to support the claims.
Tasks for defining the main points of the text
Find the key words of the following sentences.
Formulate the central ideas of the following sentences.
Find the key words of each paragraphs/ text fragment.
Put the questions to the central ideas of each paragraphs.
Underline the main idea in each paragraph.
Explain how is the main idea of each paragraph is supported or developed.
Go through each body paragraph using keywords, transitionalwords, and text devices like headlines to find the point (topic sentence) of each paragraph.
Check paragraph structure for topic sentences.
Write a one- or two-sentence summary of each paragraph
Identify the way the writer develops and supports his/her argument.
Read the text and identify keywords, which reveal the internal structure of an author's reasoning.
Where are key words are repeated (e.g. the title, opening sentence, thesis statement, section headings of a written work)?
Underline key words expressed by a) synonyms, b) pronouns, c) different part of speech.
Which keyword is the topic?
Which keywords make an assertion about the topic?
Identify the relationship between thekeywords.
Read the text and find the thesis statements/ central idea that best fits the ideas and objectives the text is trying to convey.
What questions or problem does the author address?
What is the author's thesis.
What main ideas are related to the thesis?
What are the key moments or key passages in the text?
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Identify the main topic and retell key details of a text.
Find the main topic of the text.
Make an outline of the text and identify the main topics covered in it.
Identify the main topic of a multiparagraph text as well as the focus of specific paragraphs within the text.
Determine the main idea of a text; recount the key details and explain how they support the main idea.
Determine two or more central ideas in a text and analyze their development over the course of the text; provide an objective summary of the text.
What kind of development does the author use while making generalizations (the main idea, claim or thesis) more concrete?
Omit/Exclude background/surplus information: introductory explanation, definitions, general, obvious, deadwood.
Omit descriptive-abstract phrasing.
Which details (specifics) make generalizations (the main idea, claim or thesis) more concrete?
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