The characteristic features of conversational style.
Conversational (familiar) - this kind of English is a means for everyday communication, heard in natural conversational interaction between speakers. This style occurs mainly in informal external and internal relationships in speech of relatives, friends, well - acquainted people and so on. So this is spontaneous, colloquial, informal, everyday speech.
Conversations exhibit a very wide range of styles, nuances and linguistic strategies. If you approach analysis with a checklist of 'main features', you need to be careful to identify which ones are most appropriate to the conversation you are investigating. It is an interesting linguistic fact that alphabetical ordering confers neither more nor less importance on each item.
Remember that it is the concept behind the terminology that matters. If, for example, you have spotted an adverb or calculated a mean length of utterance, you need to decide if this is significant and if it is, explain its effect.
One final piece of advice: avoid saying 'He or she uses an adverb (for example) to persuade the listener that...'. The effect of an adverb (such as 'undoubtedly') may well indeed be persuasive but the expression above makes it sound as though a speaker consciously intended it. There is no need to prove intention at every stage. Many effects of language are achieved unintentionally, even accidentally, and are often derived from habits of expression rather than deliberate intention.
Local dialects in England. The Cockney Dialect.
The United Kingdom is perhaps the most dialect-obsessed country in the world. With near-countless regional Englishes shaped by millennia of history, few nations boast as many varieties of language in such a compact geography. The below lists several important types of British English. While not a complete account by any means, this page provides an overview of the accents and dialects most often discussed on this site and elsewhere.
Cockney
This is one of the UK’s most famous dialects, and it goes hand in hand with London. It came about as the dialect of the London working classes, especially in the poorer East End of the city. The Cockney dialect also gave us Rhyming Slang, and you can still hear plenty of market traders round the East End shouting out in Cockney from their stalls. With the Cockney accent there are lots of ‘glottal stops’, and the ‘th’ sound frequently changes to an ‘f’ sound. There have also been some famously terrible attempts at the Cockney dialect – here’s Dick Van Dyke to show you how not to do it!
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The classification of English vowel phonemes.
Vowels are normally made with the air stream that meets no closure or narrowing in the mouth, pharyngal and nasal cavities. That is why in the production of vowel sounds there is no noise component — characteristic of consonantal sounds.
On the articulatory level the description of vowels notes changes:
1. In the stability of articulation.
2. In the tongue position.
3. In the lip position.
4. In the character of the vowel end.
5. In the vowel length and the degree of tenseness.
1. Stability of articulation.
All English vowels are divided into three groups: pure vowels or monophthongs, diphthongs and diphthongoids.
Monophthongs are vowels the articulation of which is almost unchanging (the organs of speech do not change their position throughout the duration of the vowel). The English monophthongs are: [I, e, x, a:,O, L, u, A,W, q].
2. Tongue positions.
The tongue may move forward and backward, up and down, thus changing the quality of vowel sounds.
3. Lip position.
The shape of the mouth cavity is also largerly dependant on the position of the lips. When the lips are neutral or spread the vowels are termed unrounded. Such is the position of the lips for the English vowels [i:, I, e, x, a:, A, E:,q].
4. Character of vowel end.
The quality of all English monophthongs in the stressed position is strongly affected by the following consonant of the same syllable. If a stressed vowel is followed by a strong voiceless consonant it is cut off by it. In this case the end of the vowel is strong and the vowel is called checked, e.g. better, cart, city.
If a vowel is followed by a weak voiced consonant or by no consonant at all the end of it is weak. In this case the vowel is called free, e.g. before, money, begger, seed.
5. Vowel length and degree of tenseness.
All English vowels are historically divided into long and short. Long vowels are always tense, short vowels are always lax.
Long, tense vowels are: [i:, a:, O:, u:, E:].
Short, lax vowels are: [I, e, O, u, A, q].
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