VII . Знайдіть в обох текстах уроку речення з підрядними додатковими. Визначте спосіб з'єднання підрядного речення з головним. Перекладіть на українську мову.
VIII. Вивчіть пам'ятку, яку повинен знати кожен провізор. Обговоріть її зміст.
Before giving any drug you should know:
— What the drug is used for;
— What it can do;
— The prescribed dose for a child or adult;
— How it should be given;
— The possible side effects and precautions to be taken;
— What the user of the drug needs to know about it.
IX . Прочитайте та перекладіть латинські терміни, що використовуються в рецептах:
а. с. before meals
р. с. after meals
В. Р. British Pharmacopeia
USP US Pharmacopeia
tabs. tablets
tabl. tablet
No numero (number)
rept. repeat
Rx thou take
t. d. s. (t. i. d.) three times a day
sig. signature
X . Уявіть собі, що ви працюєте в рецептурному відділі аптеки. Прочитайте і розшифруйте рецепт ліків за допомогою вправи XI; поясніть хворому, яким чином слід приймати ці препарати.
Рецепт 1. Rx Ferrous Tabs, В. P., No 50
Sig. Tabs i. t. d. s. p. c.
Рецепт 2. Rx Stilbestrol Tabs (0.5 mg), USP
Sig. Tabs i. t. i. d. for 20 days and rept.
after a 10-day interval.
XI. Прочитайте, перекладіть та запам'ятайте золоті правила прописування ліків:
GOLDEN RULES FOR PRESCRIBING MEDICINE
Prescription should be short, simple and to the point. It is important to mention the hour of the day when medicines are to be given.
1.Gastric sedatives as bismuth salts are best given on an empty stomach, for their local action.
2. Cod liver oil preparations are to be given after meals.
3. Mineral acids are given after meals.
4. Alkalis when used to neutralise acid, secretion should be given after food and when given as a systemic alkaliser should be given between meals.
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5. Takadiastase and pepsin should be given on an empty stomach for local use.
6. All stomachis and bitter tonics are to be given quarter to half an hour before food.
7. Morphine should not be given to head injury cases.
8. Hypnotics should be taken after meals, half an hour before going to bed.
9. Antacids are to be given after meals and anticholinergic during or before meals.
XII. Підготуйте усну доповідь на тему «Ліки та їх застосування».
XIII. Прочитайте та вивчіть усталені вирази, що стосуються ліків:
1) bad medicine (розм.) — зловісна (лиховісна людина);
2) a dose (або taste) of one's own medicine — палка о двох кінцях; звичайно: to get or to give a dose of one's own medicine — відплатити тією ж самою монетою;
3) to take one's medicine — проковтнути пілюлю (переносно).
Prescription and method of use.
Назначення ліків та способи застосування.
І. Lead-in
Study the following combining forms and their meanings. Do you know any other words formed with their use?
| Combining form | Definition | Tern |
| pharmac- | drug | pharmacology |
| chem- | drug | chemotherapy |
| tox- | poison | toxic toxicology |
| lingu- | tongue | sublingual |
| derm- | skin | hypodermic |
| enter- | intestine | parenteral |
| ven- | vein | intravenous |
| thec- | sheath (covering of the spinal cord, brain) | intrathecal |
| aero- | air | aerosols |
| cras- | disease | dyscrasia |
| anti- | against | antiseptic |
| intra- | within | intramuscular |
| contra- | against | contraindication |
2. Learn the following words.
duration – тривалість;
completeness – завершеність;
allied - суміжний, схожий;
acceptable – прийнятний;
advantage – перевага;
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convenience – зручність;
saliva – слина;
angina pectoris - грудна жаба, стенокардія;
suppository - свічка, супозиторій;
syringe – шприц;
leakage - підтікання, просочування;
vapor – випаровуватися;
lesion – пошкодження, ураження.
3. Match the expression with its medical term.
| 1. the study of poisons | a. intravenous |
| 2. treatment with chemicals | b. toxicology |
| 3. pertaining to within a vein | c. rectum |
| 4. study of drugs | d. pharmacology |
| 5. pertaining to under the tongue | e. antibacterial |
| 6. pertaining to under the skin | f. chemotherapy |
| 7. against infection | g. sublingual |
| 8. pertaining to within a sheath | h. topical |
| 9. external | i. intradermal |
| 10. the distal end of the digestive tract | j. intrathecal |
Explain the following words and word combinations.
Parenteral; pharmacology; contraindications; antidote; drug toxicity; antiseptic; antibiotic; aerosol; side effect; intravenous; sublingual.
Translate into Ukrainian
1. Angina pectoris is a disease marked by brief paroxysmal attacks of chest pain precipitated by deficient oxygenation of the heart muscles.
2. The needlestick injury is an accidental puncture of the skin with an unsterilized instrument (as a syringe).
3. The enemies used a poisonous gas giving off poisonous vapors designed to kill, injure, or disable by inhalation.
4. This custom is widely acceptable in the country.
5. When the patient tried to swallow the drug, the sudden overflow of saliva prevented him from doing it.
6. The skin was red and many lesions on it didn't heal.
7. During the childbirth intrethecal anesthesia is widely used.
8. The patient suffered numerous intestinal ulcerative lesions.
II. Reading
ADMINISTRATION OF DRUDS
The route of administration of a drug (how it is introduced into the body) is very important in determining the rate and completeness of its absorption into the bloodstream and speed and duration of the drug's action in the body.
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The different methods used by physicians and allied health personnel to administer drugs are listed below, with a brief discussion of each method:
Oral administration. The route of administration is by mouth. Drugs given orally must pass into the stomach and be absorbed into the bloodstream through the intestinal wall. Although this method is probably most acceptable to patients from the standpoint of convenience, it may have several disadvantages. If the drug is destroyed in the digestive tract by digestive juices or if the drug cannot pass through the intestinal mucosa, it will be ineffective. Also, oral administration is slower than other methods and disadvantageous if time is a factor in therapy.
Sublingual administration. In this route of administration, drugs are not swallowed but are placed under the tongue and allowed to dissolve in the saliva. Absorption may be rapid for some agents. Nitroglycerin tablets are taken this way to treat attacks of chest pain (angina pectoris). The nitroglycerin is rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream and opens the coronary arteries to increase blood flow to the heart muscle.
Rectal administration. Suppositories (cone-shaped objects containing drugs) and water solutions are inserted into the rectum. At times, drugs are given by rectum when oral administration presents difficulties, such as when the patient is nauseated and vomiting.
Parenteral administration. This type of administration is accomplished by injection through a syringe under the skin, into a muscle, into a vein, or into a body cavity. There are several types of parenteral injections:
Subcutaneous injection. This injection is sometimes called a hypodermic injection, and is given just under the several layers of the skin. The outer surface of the arm and the anterior surface of the skin are usual locations for subcutaneous injections.
Intradermal injection. This shallow injection is made into the upper layers of the skin. It is used chiefly in skin testing for allergic reactions. Short needles are used, and an elevation appears on the skin when an intradermal injection is given properly.
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Intramuscular injection (I.M.). This injection is given into the muscle, usually into the buttocks. When drugs are irritating the skin or when a large volume of a long-acting drug is to be given, I.M. injections are advisable.
Intravenous injection (I.V.). This injection is given directly into the veins. It is given when an immediate effect from the drug is desired or when the drug cannot be given into other tissues. Good technical skill is needed in administering this injection, since leakage of drugs into surrounding tissues may result in damage to the tissues.
Intrathecal injection. This injection is made into the sheath of membranes (meninges) which surround the spinal cord and brain. The effects of the drug administered so are usually limited to the central nervous system, and intrathecal injections are often used to produce anesthesia.
Intracavitary injection. This injection is made into a body cavity, as, for example, into the peritoneal or pleural cavity.
Inhalation. In this method of administration, vapors, or gases, are taken into the nose or mouth and are absorbed into the bloodstream through the thin walls of the air sacs in the lungs. Aerosols (particles of the drug suspended in air) are administered by inhalation.
Topical application. This is the local external application of drugs on skin or mucous membranes of the mouth or other surface. It is commonly used to accelerate the healing of abrasions, for antiseptic treatment of a wound, and as an antipruritic (against itching). Topical application may also include administration of drugs into the eyes, ears, nose, and vagina. Lotions are used most often when the skin is moist, or "weeping," and ointments and creams are used when the lesions are dry.
III. Language development
1. Choose the English equivalents of these words and word combinations.
1. Прийом ліків:
| a) drug taking | b) drug infusion | c) drug administration |
| 2. Кров'яний потік: | ||
| a) bloodclot | b) blood occlusion | c) blood stream |
| 3. Стенокардія: | ||
| a) hypertension | b) angina pectoris | c) enema |
| 4. Водний розчин: | ||
| a) infusion | b) solution | c) suspension |
| 5. Блювання: | ||
| a) nausea | b) vomiting | c) itching |
| 6. Подразнювати: | ||
| a) to irritate | b) to inject | c) to irrigate |
| 7. Спинний мозок: | ||
| a) cerebrum | b) medulla | c) spinal cord |
| 8. Знеболювання: | ||
| a) application | b) inhalation | c) anesthesia |
| 9. Мазь: | ||
| a) lotion | b) ointment | c) cream |
| 10. Свічка: | ||
| a) suppository | b) tampon | c) syringe |
2. Match the synonyms.
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