Begin Skippable figure description.
The figure presents a bar graph titled “Givers’ Perceived and Recipients’ Actual Gift Appreciations.” The horizontal axis is labeled “Role,” and the labels “giver” and “recipient” appear along the axis. Above each of the two labels are two vertical bars, one on the left representing “less expensive gift” and one on the right representing “more expensive gift.” The vertical axis is labeled “Mean appreciation.” There are equally spaced tick marks on the vertical axis labeled, from bottom to top, 4.50 through 7.00, in increments of 0.5. Note that there is a broken scale between 0 and 4.50. According to the graph, the mean appreciations for giver and recipient are as follows.
For giver: the mean appreciation on a less expensive gift is 5.50, and on a more expensive gift is 6.25.
For recipient: the mean appreciation on a less expensive gift is 6.10, and on a more expensive gift is 5.90.
End Skippable figure description.
Question 11.
The authors most likely use the examples in paragraph 1 of the passage (“Every . . . showers”) to highlight the
A. regularity with which people shop for gifts.
B. recent increase in the amount of money spent on gifts.
C. anxiety gift shopping causes for consumers.
D. number of special occasions involving gift-giving.
Answer and explanation for question 11.
Question 12.
In sentence 4 of paragraph 1, the word “ambivalent” most nearly means
A. unrealistic.
B. conflicted.
C. apprehensive.
D. supportive.
Answer and explanation for question 12.
Question 13.
The authors indicate that people value gift-giving because they feel it
A. functions as a form of self-expression.
B. is an inexpensive way to show appreciation.
C. requires the gift-recipient to reciprocate.
D. can serve to strengthen a relationship.
Answer and explanation for question 13.
Question 14.
Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to question 13?
A. “Many relish the opportunity to buy presents because gift-giving offers a powerful means to build stronger bonds with one’s closest peers.”
B. “People buy gifts that recipients would not choose to buy on their own”
C. “Research has found that people often struggle to take account of others’ perspectives”
D. “Although a link between gift price and feelings of appreciation might seem intuitive to gift-givers, such an assumption may be unfounded”
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Answer and explanation for question 14.
Question 15.
The “social psychologists” mentioned in paragraph 2 would likely describe the “deadweight loss” phenomenon as
A. predictable.
B. questionable.
C. disturbing.
D. unprecedented.
Answer and explanation for question 15.
Question 16.
The passage indicates that the assumption made by gift-givers in sentence 2 of paragraph 3 may be
A. insincere.
B. unreasonable.
C. incorrect.
D. substantiated.
Answer and explanation for question 16.
Question 17.
Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to question 16?
A. “Perhaps givers believe that bigger (that is, more expensive) gifts convey stronger signals of thoughtfulness and consideration.”
B. “According to Camerer (1988) and others, gift-giving represents a symbolic ritual, whereby gift-givers attempt to signal their positive attitudes toward the intended recipient and their willingness to invest resources in a future relationship”
C. “As for gift-recipients, they may not construe smaller and larger gifts as representing smaller and larger signals of thoughtfulness and consideration”
D. “In theoretical terms, people fail to utilize information about their own preferences and experiences in order to produce more efficient outcomes in their exchange relations”
Answer and explanation for question 17.
Question 18.
As it is used in sentence 2 of paragraph 4, “convey” most nearly means
A. transport.
B. counteract.
C. exchange.
D. communicate.
Answer and explanation for question 18.
Question 19.
The authors refer to work by Camerer and others (sentence 3 of paragraph 4) in order to
A. offer an explanation.
B. introduce an argument.
C. question a motive.
D. support a conclusion.
Answer and explanation for question 19.
Question 20.
The graph following the passage offers evidence that gift-givers base their predictions of how much a gift will be appreciated on
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A. the appreciation level of the gift-recipients.
B. the monetary value of the gift.
C. their own desires for the gifts they purchase.
D. their relationship with the gift-recipients.
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