Engine Lubrication, Fuel, Exhaust and Electrical Systems
When it comes to day-to-day car maintenance, your first concern is probably the amount of gas in your car. How does the gas that you put in power the cylinders? The engine’s fuel system pumps gas from the gas tank and mixes it with air so that the proper air/fuel mixture can flow into the cylinders. Fuel is delivered in three common ways: carburetion, port fuel injection and direct fuel injection.
In carburetion, a device called a carburetor mixes gas into air as the air flows into the engine. In fuel-injected engine, the right amount of fuel is injected individually into each cylinder either right above the intake valve (port fuel injection) or directly into the cylinder (direct fuel injection).
Oil also plays an important part. The lubrication system makes sure that every moving part in the engine gets oil so that it can move easily. The two main parts needing oil are the pistons (so they can slide easily in their cylinders) and any bearings that allow things like the crankshaft and camshafts to rotate freely. In most cars, oil is sucked out of the oil pan by the oil pump, run through the oil filter to remove any grit, and then squired under high pressure onto bearings and the cylinder walls. The oil then trickles down into the sump, where it is collected again and the cycle repeats.
The exhaust system includes the exhaust pipe and the muffler. Without a muffler, what you would hear is the sound of thousands of small explosions coming out of your tailpipe. A muffler dampens the sound. The exhaust system also includes a catalytic converter.
The emission control system in modern cars consists of a catalytic converter, a collection of sensors and actuators, and a computer to monitor and adjust everything. For example, the catalytic converter uses a catalyst and oxygen to burn off any unused fuel and certain other chemicals in the exhaust. An oxygen sensor in the exhaust stream makes sure there is enough oxygen available for the catalyst to work and adjusts things if necessary.
Besides gas, what else powers your car? The electrical system consists of a battery and an alternator. The alternator is connected to the engine by a belt and generates electricity to recharge the battery. The battery makes 12-volt power available to everything in the car needing electricity (the ignition system, radio, headlights, windshield wipers, power windows and seats, computers, etc.) through the vehicle’s wiring.
Answer the questions about the text and translate the text in writing.
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1. What is the function of the engine’s fuel system?
2. How is fuel injected into cylinders?
3. What is the function of the lubrication system?
4. What does the exhaust system consist of?
5. What is the function of a catalytic converter?
6. What does the electrical system power the car?
Exercises
Give the Russian terms and then the English equivalents of the following definitions. Choose from the list of the English and Russian terms given below.
1. Основной источник механической энергии, приводящий автомобиль в движение. ___________
2. Двигатель внутреннего сгорания, работающий на тяжелом топливе. __________
3. Двигатель, в котором топливо сгорает непосредственно внутри рабочего цилиндра и энергия получающихся при этом газов воспринимается движущимся в цилиндре поршнем. ____________
4. Прибор, предназначенный для приготовления рабочей смеси (вне рабочего цилиндра). ____________
5. Двигатель, в котором рабочие процессы совершаются за четыре хода поршня. ____________
6. Пространство в цилиндре над поршнем при положении его в высокой мертвой точке. ___________
7. Такт, во время которого цилиндр заполняется рабочей смесью. __________
8. Такт, во время которого происходит сжатие рабочей смеси. ____________
9. Такт, при котором газы оказывают давление на поршень и перемещают его. ____________
10. Такт, в ходе которого происходит очищение цилиндра от обработавших газов. ____________
Word List
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| A | B |
| карбюратор | exhaust stroke |
| такт расширения | combustion stroke |
| дизельный мотор | combustion chamber |
| такт впуска | diesel engine |
| двигатель | Carburetor |
| двигатель внутреннего сгорания | four-stroke engine |
| камера сгорания | compression stroke |
| двигатель с четырехмоторным карбюратором | internal combustion engine |
| такт выпуска | Engine |
| такт сжатия | compression stroke |
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