The creative works of Rudyard Kipling, his attitude to British Empire expressed in poetry and prose.
For a Soviet person, Rudyard Kipling is the author of a number of stories, poems and, above all, fairy tales and "The Jungle Books", which any of us remembers well from impressions from childhood.
Kipling was born in 1865 in the family of an Englishman who served in India. Like many natives born to him, that is, Englishmen born in colonies and displaced in their home country as second-class people, Rudyard was sent to receive education in the metropolis, from where he returned to India, where his young years, mostly devoted to work in the colonial English press. His first literary Kipling narrated about everyday life and labor in the colonies, about the people of this world — English officials, soldiers and officers who create an empire in distant lands from native farms and cities under the blessed sky of Old England. He sang about this in his Departmental Songs (1886) and Barracks Ballads (1892), mocking the old-fashioned tastes of classical English poetry lovers, for whom highly poetic concepts like songs or ballads didn’t fit into the bureaucracy of the departments or the smell of barracks; and Kipling was able to prove that in such songs and in such ballads written in the jargon of the petty colonial bureaucratic bipod and long-suffering soldiers, real poetry can live.
Along with the work on poems, in which everything was new - vital material, a peculiar combination of heroics and rudeness and an unusually free, bold approach to the rules of English prosody, which resulted in a unique Kipling version, sensitively conveying the idea and feeling of the author - Kipling acted as the author equally original stories, first connected with the tradition of newspaper or magazine narration, necessarily compressed and full of interesting facts, and then advanced as an independent subject lingovsky genre, marked by successive proximity to the press. In 1888 a new collection of Kipling's stories "Simple Stories from the Mountains" appeared. Daring to argue with the glory of the Musketeers of Dumas, Kipling then prints the cycle of stories "Three Soldiers", creating vividly outlined images of three "empire builders", three ordinary colonial, so-called Anglo-Indian army - Malveni, Orteris and Lroyd, in whose ingenuous chatter so much terrible and ridiculous, so many life experiences of Tommy Atkins - and, moreover, according to Kuprin’s correct remark, “not a word about his cruelty towards the vanquished.”experiences appeared in it.
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Having found much of the most characteristic features of his writer's writing in the late 1880s — the harsh accuracy of the prose, the bold rudeness and novelty of the life material in verse, Kipling showed amazing hard work in the 1890s. It was during this decade that almost all the books that made him famous were written. These were collections of stories about life in India and a talented novel "The Light went out" (1891), these are both "The Jungle Books" (1894 and 1895) and a collection of poems "Seven Seas" (1896), fanned by brutal Kipling romance, praising feats Anglo-Saxon race.
Female novelists of the Victorian Age– the sisters Bronte, Mrs. Gaskell and George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans). The particularities of their literary style, the main ideas and themes.
English literature of the XIX century and, above all, the Victorian novel, is considered to be one of the most significant and of constant scientific interest pages in the history of European literature: Victorian writers, while relying on the traditions of their predecessors and developing new themes, motifs and techniques, enriched English realistic prose, their works were the Foundation for the most important discoveries of English literature of the XX century.
Novels Bronte Sisters indicate that Victorian writers felt the need to show the process of becoming a "new woman", the evolution of her life attitudes: depicting the way of life of their heroines, they focus on changing the role functions of women in the English society of the middle of the XIX century, because it was during this period most clearly manifested changes in various spheres of society: cultural (changes in norms and values associated with the image of women and her behavior), institutional (in the family, work, education), interpersonal (in the field of relations between men and women) levels. Dissimilar in style to the novels of the Bronte sisters reflect not only the peculiarities of the worldview sensible Charlotte and Emily romantic and aesthetic differences of the literary movements of realism and romanticism. At first glance, Charlotte brontë's novels are written in the spirit of critical realism, and Emily's works are romantic. However, the happy ending of Jane Eyre is not plausible, and the tragic ending of Wuthering heights seems quite vital and realistic – romanticism and realism intertwined, from the depths of one direction was born another. In the novels of the Bronte sisters clearly sound and themes of female emancipation, which became the banner of the feminist movement that developed in the 20th century. Defending self-esteem, consciousness of their emotional and moral significance, brontë's heroines are able to make independent decisions, achieve their goals, and take full responsibility for their mistakes, without blaming others.
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Of all the representatives of the "brilliant pleiad" of novelists in England, to which Marx referred her, Elizabeth Gaskell is now least known. Meanwhile, her work at the time played a significant role in the development of a realistic social novel in England. The writer raises the issue of both economic and sexual exploitation of working-class women. In this regard, she refers to the theme of the fallen woman, but gives such a heroine the opportunity of moral regeneration and social rehabilitation, for the first time making the image of the fallen woman Central.
Gaskell creates a character with an active lifestyle that allows her to artistically reflect on the situation of the change of socio-moral roles: the woman becomes "saving", and the man -"save".Creating images of middle-class heroines, the writer assigns them a leading role in shaping the moral image of the new society and emphasizes their mission as guardians of the achievements of civilization and culture. In understanding the fate of women, the writer actively resorts to the use of motives of trial, temptation and wandering, as well as biblical allusions.
George Eliot is one of the recognized classics of English literature. However, little is known that under the pseudonym of George Eliot hiding... woman. And not just a woman, but one of the most educated and versatile women of her time.
Ordinary people from Eliot, bearers of the highest justice and morality, but they prefer to remain in their environment. She was one of the first writers of Victorian England, who came close to the image of the mechanism of intelligence, the process of thinking, which then became the property of a psychological novel. As she perfected her skill, the writer abandoned direct moralizing, although she was far from indifferent to the characters she created with such conviction. She sought capture the flow of life, a rich and diverse even in provincial dull city of. Eliot's interest in the natural, exact Sciences helped her penetrate the mysteries of human nature, no matter how complex it may seem. Methods of detection of characters in Eliot's different, how different are the characters. They can develop (for example, Dorothea Brooke). They can be static, but each time to impress their uniqueness and apparent fluidity (eg, Celia), they can be extremely schematic, such as the nature of Casaubon or Balstrode. As a result, the reader is presented with a diverse mechanism of human actions and actions, analytically and critically presented, and this critical attitude is transmitted to the reader seeking to understand the essence of the nature of the characters. In many of her novels, Eliot loved to resolve the most difficult knots of life by death.
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