I. THE COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. GENERAL RULE
| kinds of adjectives | positive | comparative | superlative |
| 1) add – er and – est | |||
| 1. one-syllable adjectives 2. two-syllable adjectives ending in -y, -er, -ow, -le. | big nice easy shy clever | bigger (the final consonant is doubled after a short stressed vowel) nicer easier (y changes into i ) after a consonant shyer cleverer | the biggest (the final consonant is doubled after a short stressed vowel) the nicest the easiest (y changes into i ) after a consonant shyest (exception) the cleverest |
| 2) add more and most | |||
| adjectives right, wrong, real, like, tired, bored | real | more real | most real. |
| many-syllable adjectives | beautiful interesting dangerous | more beautiful more interesting more dangerous | the most beautiful the most interesting the most dangerous |
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We can use less (менее)and least (наименее) before any adjective. less fast, least fast; less clever, least clever; less beautiful, least beautiful;
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II. EXCEPTIONS
| good well (здоровый) | better | the best | ||
| bad | worse | the worst | ||
| old
| older | the oldest | ||
| elder (we use it to refer to people in a family we never use it before than I have an elder / older brother. My brother is older than me. | the eldest we use it to refer to people in a family) | |||
| far (далекий) | farther (дальше) further (дальше, далее, дальнейший) | the farthest the furthest | ||
| much many | more | the most | ||
| little (мало) little (маленький) | less (меньше) smaller (меньше) | the least (меньше всего) the smallest (самый маленький) | ||
| late | later (позже) | the latest (самый поздний, самый недавний) the last (самый последний) | ||
| most |
He’s the most intelligent boy in his class.
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He is a most intelligent boy. It’s most interesting. | ||||
Most boys of this age are very noisy. | ||||
III . COMPARISON MODELS
| You are taller than me (him,her,us,them). | Ты выше меня (его, ее, нас, их). Ты выше, чем я (он, она, мы, они). |
| He is as tall as me. | Он такой же высокий, как я. |
| He is not as tall as me. He is not so tall as me. | Он не такой высокий, как я. |
| He is the tallest of the three (of all). | Он самый высокий из этих троих (из всех). |
| This house is twice as big as ours. | Этот дом вдвое больше нашего. |
| Our house is half the size. He is half my age. | Наш дом вдвое меньше. Он вдвое моложе меня. |
| The more he studies the more he will know. The sooner you do it, the better. | Чем больше он будет учиться, тем больше будет знать. Чем скорее ты это сделаешь, тем лучше. |
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much, far, a lot+ comparative adjective= «намного»; much better— намного лучше | |
| a bit, a little + comparative adjective= «немного»; a little better— немного лучше | |
IV. ADVERB FORMATION
1. Adverbs of manner are formed by adding – ly to adjectives. The meaning is usually the same.
gentle – gently; happy – happily; energetic – energetically; true – truly; full – fully.
2. Some words can be both adjectives and adverbs:
fast, long, low, little, hard, high, last, late, near, far, wide, early.
It was a fast train. The train was going fast. You are an early bird. You always get up early.
3. Some adverbs can have two forms: with –ly and without it.
quick – quickly; slow – slowly; bright – brightly; loud – loudly; quiet – quietly; etc.
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There’s no difference in meaning, but adverbs with –ly are usually more formal.
Walk slow! Walk slowly! Do it quick. Do it quickly.
4. Sometimes such forms have different meanings.
hard – hardly; (много - едва) He worked hard. He was so ill, he could hardly walk.
late – lately; (поздно – в последнее время) She came late. She hasn’t come here lately.
near – nearly; (близко – чуть не) His car drove near. He nearly got hit by the car.
5. We useveryand very muchto mean «очень».
Very goes before adjectives, adjectives + nouns and adverbs.
The film is very interesting. This is a very interesting film. He walked very quickly.
Very much goes after verbs and before past participles in predicatives.
We liked the film very much. I was very much surprised to hear that.
6. We use so before adjectives and adverbs
and such before (adjectives +) nouns to mean«так»,«такой».
The weather is so lovely! You speak English so well! You have such a nice car!
V . COMPARISON OF ADVERBS
| adverbs | comparison forms | examples | |
| 1 | all one-syllable adverbs+ early | add – er и – est | fast – faster – fastest; hard – harder – hardest; early – earlier – earliest ; |
| 2 | all the rest | add more и most | gently – more gently – most gently; carefully – more carefully – most carefully; |
| 3 | adverbs often, quickly, slowly, easily. | have 2 forms | often – oftener – oftenest – more often – most often; quickly – quicker – quickest – more quickly – most quickly slowly – slower – slowest – more slowly – most slowly; easily – easier – easiest – more easily – most easily; |
| 4 | adverbs well, badly, much, little, far | have irregular forms | well – better – best; badly – worse – worst; much – more – most; little – less – least; far – farther / further – farthest / furthest; |
VI. ADJECTIVES & ADVERBS
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| where | English | Russian | |
| 1 | after stative verbs: be – быть, look – выглядеть, feel – чувствовать, seem – казаться, smell – пахнуть, taste – иметь вкус, sound – звучать. | adjectives It is wonderful. She looks sad. He feels bad. It sounds good. | adverbs Это чудесно. Она выглядит печально. Он чувствует себя плохо. Это звучит хорошо. |
| 2 | after action verbs | adverbs They did it wonderfully. She looked sadly at me. He sings badly. | adverbs Они сделали это чудесно. Она печально посмотрела на меня. Он поет плохо. |
Note
1. well can be an adverb (=хорошо).
He sings very well.
and an adjective (=здоровый, в хорошем состоянии)
How are you? - I’m well. (=Я здоров. У меня всё в порядке.)
Compare: I’m good. (= Я хороший .)
2. We say usually (=обычно), but as usual (=как обычно), than usual (=чем обычно).
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