Conversation as a type of discourse
Conversation theory analysis studies the organization of talk as situated socially organized set of practices. Conversational analysis is an approach to spoken discourse that studies relations in which people organize their interactions.
Conv. Researches and examines how spoken discourse is organized, also develops during the talk, examines the following markers:
· Sequence, sequence of related utterances;
· Adjacency
· Preferences (for particularly combination of utterances)
Preference organization
· Term-taking
· Feedback
· Repair
· Conversational openings
· Discourse markers
· Response of you participants.
Conv. Analysists got very much interested in ordinary talks but then the frame of the analysis got extended. (news, classroom talks, not every day talk now)
Sequence and structure of conv. which covers not only opening stages of conv. but closing as well.
Closing sections usually have 4 terms of talk:
· Pre-closing part (consists of 2 term-units which are “OK”, “Allright”, they are pronounced with falling intonation)
· Closing part (bye, goodbye)
Closing part might also be preceded by a number of presequences ( good wishes, “take care”)
Term-taking there is only one person talking (no interrupting)
Adjacency the particular context and stage of conv. are essential for signing an utterance the concrete part of the talk. (“hello”-attract attention, start a conversation)
Adjacency pair is smt that introduce in the middle of one utterance or between two utterances, basic rule – when a speaker produces the 1st part, he should stop talking and allow the other speaker to make the 2nd part.
Sometimes speakers make use of insertional sequences, sometimes introduce between the 1st part or the 2nd part.
Feedback (some kind of reaction, response sounds)
Repair (corrections) important strategy in conversations for foreign learners
Social and cultural context
см 45 билет про context (с этого надо начать)
Cultural context covers historical peculiarities, political situation in the world. Cultural context may be different, it depends on time.
Social context – under this term we understand social roles because talking to different people we may have different social roles. F.ex. talking to the chef and to the son
Discourse and context
Context is a kind of evidence about some kind of reality.
It has long been considered an essential factor for the interpretation of linguistic expressions. As early as the 1930s, Firth had started to work on linguistic corpora, and already pointed out that “the complete meaning of a word is always contextual, and no study of meaning apart from a complete context can be taken seriously”
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In 1957 Firth offered a new look and new view of the context, subdividing in 3 components:
- participants (personalities)
- the relevant objects in the situation
- the effect of the verbal action
Another anthropologist offered 8 components of context:
- Setting
- theme
- Participants
- Aims
- Act sequence
- Key
- Instrumentalities
- Norms and genres
Halliday considered context to be the resource for meaning making and understanding. He underlined 3 parts of context:
- Field referring to the social action
- Tenor referring to people
- Mode
There are several types of context:
The linguistic context means what has been said and what is yet to be said in the discourse.
The situational context in terms of what people “know about what they can see around them”;
The background knowledge context includes cultural knowledge (what people know about the world, what they know about various areas of life) and interpersonal knowledge (what people know about each other, what they know about the norms and expectations of the particular discourse community in which the communication takes place);
The co-textual context in terms of what people “know about what they have been saying”.
Another development of context ( добавления Ирисхановой )
Contexts (C) are subjective.
C are unique experiences. Why? Because each person is unique.
C are mental models. Why? In our minds we have mental models of words and we have different associations.
C are socially based.
C are dynamic. Because while talking to a person or presenting smth we might change our point of view.
C perform pragmatic functions.
C as mental models cannot be reduced either to a text or to a talk.
C do not represent complete social or communicative situations.
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